15U FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



PIN OAK. SWAMP SPANISH OAK. WATER OAK. 



Valley of the Connecticut river, Massachusetts (Amherst, Stone), to central New York, south to Delaware and 

 the District of Columbia ; southern Wisconsin to eastern Kansas, southern Arkansas, and southeastern Tennessee. 



A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; 

 low, rich soil, generally along the borders of streams and swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest 

 development west of the Alleghany mountains. 



Wood heavy, hard, very strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check badly in drying: layers of annual growth 

 marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad, numerous, conspicuous ; color, light brown, 

 the sap-wood rather darker; specific gravity, 0.0938; ash, 0.81; somewhat used for shingles, clapboards, construction, 

 and in cooperage. 



280. Quercus aquatica, Walter, 



Fl. Caroliniana, '234. Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357 ; 2 ed. v, '390. Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 59, 79. Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 

 11, t. 19, 20, 21; Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 198. Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schrifteu Gesoll. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399. Persoou, Syn. 

 ii, 569. Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 509. Poiret, Snppl. ii, 220. Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 89, 1. 17 ; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. i, 65, 

 1. 19. Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 52. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 628. Barton, Coinpencl. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 168. Nouveau Duharnel, 

 vii, 167. Elliott, Sk, ii, 599. Sprengel, Syst. iii, 862. Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357. Andubou, Birds, t. 24. Beck, Bot. 

 328. Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292. London, Arboretum, iii, 1892. f. 1767. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384. Spach, Hist. Veg.xi, 161. 

 Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1856, 255. Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. 

 Carolina, 37. Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. Wood, Cl. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305. A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi 2 , 

 67. Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Not). 1-6, 1866, 72. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 

 21. Liebinann, ChSnes Am. Trop.t. D. Young, Bot. Texas, 503. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. 



Q. nigra aquatica, Lamarck, Diet, i, 721. 



Q. nigra triftda, Marshall, Arbustvim, 121. 



f Q. uliginosa, Wangenheim, Amer. 80, t. 6, f. 18. 



Q. hemisphcerica, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 443. Poiret, Suppl. ii, 628. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 628. Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, 

 No. 56, 628. Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 295. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385. Michaux f. N. 

 American Sylva, 3 ed. 187. 



Q. nana, Willdenow, Spec. 448. Elliott, Sk. ii, 599. 



Q. aquatica, vars. cuneata, elongata, indivisa, attenuata, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 290. 



Q. hemisphcerica, var. nana, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. 



Q. aquatica, var. hybrida, Chapman, Fl. s. States, 421. 



Q. nigra, Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 61, in part. 



WATER OAK. DUCK OAK. POSSUM OAK. PUNK OAK. 



Sussex county, Delaware, south through the coast and middle districts to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, 

 through the Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, and through Arkansas to the valley of the Black 

 river, southeastern Missouri (Poplar Bluffs, Letterman), middle Kentucky and Tennessee. 



A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.20 meter in diameter; generally along streams and 

 bottoms in heavy, undrained soil, or, more rarely, upon uplands ; very common and reaching its greatest development 

 along the large streams in the maritime piue belt of the eastern Gulf states. 



Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large 

 open ducts; medullary rays thin, conspicuous: color, rather light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 

 0.7244 ; ash, 0.51 ; probably not used except as fuel. 



,- 

 281. Quercus laurifolia, Michaux, 



Hist. Chenes Am. No. 10, 1. 17 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197. Willdenow, Spec, i v, 427. Persoon, Syn. ii, 567. Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 14. 

 Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 288. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,627. Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. Nonveau Duhamel, vii, 153. Elliott, Sk. ii, 

 597. Sprengel, Syst. iii, 857. Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 294. London, Arboretum, iii, 1897, f. 1775,1776. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 3S5. 

 Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18(50, iii, 36. Liebmaun, Chfines Am. Trop. t. D. Wood, Cl. 

 Book, 643. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. Engelroann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 385, 395. 



Q. laurifolia hybrida, Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 10, 1. 18. 



Q. laurifolia, var. obtusa, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 428. Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 288. Wood, Cl. Book, 343. 



Q. laurifolia, var, OCWta, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 428. Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 288. 



Q. obtusa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627. 



Q. Phellos, var. laurifolia, Chapman, Fl.S. States, 420. Wood, Bot. & Fl. 305. Young, Bot. Texas, 502. 



Q. aquatica. var. laurifolia, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 68. 



