158 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



BEECH. 



Nova Scotia and the valley of the Restegouche river to the northern shores of lake Huron and northern 

 Wisconsin, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, west 

 to eastern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, and Madison county, Arkansas (Letterman). 



A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 34 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in 

 diameter ; rich woods, or at the south sometimes in bottom lands or the dryer portions of swamps, reaching its 

 greatest development upon the "bluff" formations of the lower Mississippi basin; very common. 



Wood very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, not durable in contact with the soil, inclined to check in 

 drying, difficult to season, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays broad, very conspicuous ; color, 

 varying greatly with soil and situation, dark red, or often lighter, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 

 0.6883 ; ash, 0.51 ; largely used in the manufacture of chairs, shoe-lasts, plane stocks, handles, etc., and for fuel. 



292. Ostrya Virginica, Willdenow, 



Spec, iv, 469 ; Euum. 9b2 : Berl. Baumz. 2(50. Persoou, Syn. ii, 573. Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 302. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. li, 623. Eaton, 

 Manual, 109; 6 ed. 244. Nuttall, Genera, i;, 219. Hayne, Demi. Fl. 1G9. Elliott, Sk.ii, 618. Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856. Torrey, 

 Compend. Fl. N. States, 356; Nicollet's Eep. 160; Fl. N. York, ii, 185, 1. 102. Audubon, Birds, t. 40. London, Arboretnm, iii, 

 2015, f. 1940. Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, 160. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 336. Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 383. Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 

 2ser. xvi, 246; Hist. Veg. xi, 218. Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 177 ; 2 ed. i, 201 & t. Parry in Owen's Eep. 618. Darlington, 

 Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 274. Darby, Bot. S. States, 509.- Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 256. Chapman, Fl. S. States, 426. Curtis in 

 Rep. Geological Sui-v. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 75. Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, :!bU Wood, Cl. Book, 647; Bot. & Fl. 

 307. Porch er, Resources S. Forests, 233. A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi'-, 125. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 456. Young, Bot. Texas, 

 510. Vasry. Cat. Forest Trees, 27. Sargent in Am. Nat, xi, 683. Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179. Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus. 85. 



Carpinus Ostrya, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 998, in part. Dn Roi, Harbk. i, 130. Wangenheim, Amer. 48. Marshall, Arbustum, 

 25. Mrench, Meth. 694. Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 76. Nouveau Duhamel,ii,200. Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 

 53, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii. 27, 1. 109. 



Carpinus Virginiana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 4. Lamarck, Diet, i, 708 ; Wangenheim, Amer. 49. Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 



201. Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 493. Smith in Rees' Cycl. vii, No. 5. 

 Carpinus triflora, Mrench, Meth. 394. 



Carpinus Ostrya, var. Americana, Michaux, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, 202. 



0. Virginica, var. glandulosa, Spach in Ann, Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 246; Hist. Veg. xi, 218. 

 0. Virginica, var. eglandulosa, Spach. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 246; Hist. Veg. xi, 218. 

 0. Virginiana, Koch, Dendrologie, ii 2 , 6. 



HOP HORNBEAM. IRON WOOD. LEVER WOOD. 



Bay of Chaleur. through the valleys of the Saint Lawrence and the lower Ottawa rivers, along the northern 

 shore of lake Huron to northern Minnesota, south through the northern states and along the Alleghany 

 mountains to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and through eastern Iowa, southeastern Missouri, and 

 Arkansas to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and eastern Texas. 



A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; generally on dry, gravelly 

 hillsides and knolls, reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas; common. 



Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very 

 durable in contact with the soil ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, or, like 

 the sap-wood, often nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.8284 ; ash, 0.50 ; used for posts, levers, handles of tools, etc. 



293. Carpinus Caroliniana, Walter, 



Fl. Caroliniana, 238. A. De Candoile, Prodr. xvi 2 , 126. Koch, Dendrologie, ii 2 , 4. Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xviii, 180. Ridgway in 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85. 



C. Americana, Lamarck, Diet. iv,708; Suppl. ii, 202. Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 201. Willdenow, Spec, iv, 468; Enum. 

 Suppl. 64; Berl. Biinrnz. 75. Persoon. Syn. ii, 573. Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 57, t. 8; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. 

 iii, 26, t. 108. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 623. Aitou, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 301. Eaton, Manual, 109 ; 6 ed. 82. Bartou, 

 Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 176. Nnttall, Genera, ii, 218. Hayne.Dend. Fl. 168. Elliott, 

 Sk. ii, 618. Watson, Deud. Brit, ii, t. 157. Sprengel, Syst, iii, 854. Guiuipel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 107, t. 84. 

 Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 356; Fl.N. York, ii, 185, t. 103. Penn. Cycl. iv, 315. London, Arboretum, iii, 2013, 

 f. 1936. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 160. Eaton & Wright, Bot, 182. Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 383. Spach in Ann. Sci. 

 Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 252 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 224. Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 174 ; 2 ed. i, 198 & t. Parry in Owen's Rep. ' 

 618. Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 273. Darby, Bot. S. States, 508. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,256. Chapman, 

 Fl. S. States, 425. Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina., 1860, iii, 75. Lesqiieroux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 

 388. Wood, Cl. Book, 648; Bot. & Fl. 307. Gray, Manual N. States, 5ed. 457; Hall's PI. Texas, 21 Young, Bot. Texas, 

 509. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27. Broadlirud in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. Bell in Geological Rep. Canada. 



C. Betulus Virginiana, Marshall, Arbustum, 



