CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 159 



HORNBEAM. BLUE BEECH. WATER BEECH. IRON WOOD. 



Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, northern shores of Georgian bay, southern peninsula of Michigan to 

 northern Minnesota (lake Tokegaina, Garrison), south to cape Malabar and Tampa bay. Florida, and the valley of 

 the Trinity river, Texas, west to central Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the valley of the Poteau river, Indian territory. 



A small tree, 9 to lu meters in height, with a trunk sometimes O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter, or at the north 

 much smaller and often reduced to a low shrub : borders of streams and swamps, in moist soil ; most common and 

 reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in southern 

 Arkansas and eastern Texas. 



Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying; medullary rays numerous, 

 broad ; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.728G ; ash. <.'3 ; sometimes used for 

 levers, handles of tools, etc. 



BETTJLACEJE. 



294. Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach, 



Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 167 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 233. Eiullicher, Genera, Snppl. iv, 19. Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 76, t. 4, f. 

 19-28; Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459. Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55 C . 



B. lenta, Du Roi, Ilarbk. i, 92 [not LinnteueJ. Wangenhelm, Amcr. 4">, t. 29. f. :'-. 



B. populifolia, Marshall, Arbustnm, 19. Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 336; 2 ed. v, 299. Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 1 cd. 37, t. 2, 

 f. 5; Spec, iv, 403. Pcra>on,Syn.ii, 572. Desfonl nines. Hist. Arb. ii. 476. NouveauDuhamel, iii, 204. Poiret, Suppl. 

 i, 687. Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 139, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 78, t. 71. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,620. 

 Smith iu Bees' Cycl. iv, No. 8. Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92 ; Compeud. Fl. Philadeiph. ii, 175. Eaton, Manual, 

 109; 6 ed.53. Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218; Sylva, i, 25; 2 ed. i, 42. Hayne, Demi. Fl. 166. Spreugel, Syst. iii, 854. 

 Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 151. Torrey, Compeud. Fl.N. States,355; Fl. N. York, ii, 199, t. 112. London, Arboretum, iii, 

 1707, f. 1560. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156. Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381. Emerson, Trees 

 Massachusetts, 213 ; 2 ed.i, 243 & t. Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 421. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256. 

 Wood, C'l. Book, 649; Bot. & Fl. 308. Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 646. 



B. acuminata, Ehrhart, Bt-itr. vi, 9^. Mo'iich, Moth. 69:!. 



B. alba, subspecies populifolia, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii 4 , 399; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi 8 , 164. 



WHITE BIRCH. OLD-FIELD BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH. 



New Brunswick and the valley of the lower Saint Lawrence river to the southern shores of lake Ontario, south, 

 generally near the coast, to New Castle county, Delaware. 



A small, short-lived tiee of rapid growth, to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; 

 dry, gravelly, barren soil or borders of swamps, now generally springing up upon abandoned or burned land in 

 eastern New England. 



Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, liable to check in drying, not durable ; medullary rays numerous, 

 obscure; color, light brown, the sap wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5760 ; ash, 0.29 ; largely used in the 

 manufacture of spools, shoe-pegs, wood pulp, etc., for hoop-poles and fuel. 



The bark and leaves, as well as those of B. papyrifera and B. lenta, are popularly esteemed as a remedy for 

 various chronic diseases of the skin, bladder, etc., and for rheumatic and gouty complaints; the empyreuinatic oil 

 of birch obtained from the inner bark by distillation is used externally and internally for the same purposes (U. 8. 

 Dispensatory, U ed. 1592. Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 287); the bark occasionally used domestically in the manufacture 

 of ink. 



295. Betula papyrifera, Marshall, 



Arbnfitnm, 19. Michaiix, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 180. 



B. papyracea, Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii, 337; 2 ed. v, 300. Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464; Euum. 981; Berl. Banmz. 58,t.2,f.l. 

 Nouveau Dnlmmcl, iii, 205. 1'ersoon, Syn. ii, 572. Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. Poiret, Suppl. i, 688. Michaux 

 ['. 1 1 i.st. Arb. Am. ii, 133, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 70, t. 69. Smith in Roes' Cycl. iv, No. 9. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 

 ii,621. B. S. [iarlon, I'.ot. Appx. 34,t.27,f. 1. Eaton, Manual, 109; Ii ed. 53. Barton, Compond.Fl. Philadeiph. ii, 

 175. Nnttall, Genera, ii, 218 ; .Sylva, i, 25 : 2 ed. i, 42. Hayne, Dend. Fl. 167. Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 152. Sprengel, 

 Syst. iii, 854. Torrey, Compeml. Fl. N. .States. 355; Fl.N. York, ii, 199. Auduliou, Birds, t. 88. London, Arboretum, 

 iii, 1708, f. 1561 & t. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156. Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381. 

 Peini. Cycl. ii, 349. Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 210; 2 ed.i, 239 & t. Parry iu Owen's Rep. 618. Richardson, 

 Arctic Exped. 437. Coorer in Smithsonian K.'|>. l"5-<, 256. Hooker f. in Trans. Liumcan Soc. xxiii-, 300, 3?.9. Wood, 

 Cl. Book, 649 ; Bot. & Fl. 308. Gray, Manual N. States. 5 cd. 459. Koch, Demlrologie, ii, 645. Vascy, Cat. Fore-si 

 Trees, 28. Maromi in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210. Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 180. Bell in Geological 

 Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 45 s . 



