162 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 







299. Betula lenta, Linnaeus, 



Spec. 1 ed. 983. Lamarck, Diet. i,453. Marshall, Arbustiim, 19. Alton, Hort. Kew. iii,337; 2 ed. v, 300. Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464; 

 Enum. 981 ; Berl. Baumz. 59. Persoou, Syu. ii, 572. Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 205. Michauxf. Hist. 

 Arb. Am. ii. 147, t. 4 ; N. American Sylva, 3ed. ii, 85, t. 74. Smith in Rees' Cycl. iv, No. 3. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 621. Eaton, Manual, 

 109; 6 ed. 63. Bartoa, Compend. Fl. Philadelpli. ii, 175. Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218. Hayne, Dend. Fl. 167. Elliott, Sk. ii, 617. 

 Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 144. Spreugel, Syst. ii,854. Torrey, Compciid. Fl. N. States, 356; Fl. N. York.ii, 200. Guimpel, Otto & 

 Hayne, Abb. Holz. 105, t. 83. London, Arboretum, iii, 1713, f. 15GU. Hooker, Fl. Bor -Am. ii, 156. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156. 

 Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381. Lindley in Penn. Cycl. ii, 349. Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 190 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 241. Emerson, 

 Trees Massachusetts, 203; 2 ed. i, 232 & t. Richardson, Arctic Exped. 438. Endlicher, Genera. Suppl. iv 2 , 20. Darlington, Fl. 

 Cestrica, 3 ed. 275. Darby, Bot. S. States, 508. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,256. Cflapman, Fl. S. States, 428. Curtis in 

 Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 74. Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii 4 , 125, in part; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, 

 xxxviii, 417, in part; De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi 2 , 179, in pait. Wood, Cl. Book, 648; Bot. & Fl. 308. Porcher, Resources 8. Forests, 

 265. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 458. Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 639. Vasey, Cat. Forest, Trees, 28. Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 

 180. Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55 C . Ridgwny in Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. 1882,85. 



B. nigra, Du Roi,Harbk. i,93. Wangenheim, Amer. 35, t. 15, f. 34. 



B. excelsa, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 337 ; 2 ed. v, 209 [not Pursh]. Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464. Berl. Baumz. 41, t. 2, f. 2. Nouveau 

 Dubamel, iii, 203, t. 52. Persoon, Syn. ii,572. Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. Poiret, Suppl. i, 687. Smith in Rees' 

 Cycl. iv, No. 10. Hayue, Dend. Fl. i, 7. Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2ser. xv, 188; Hist. Veg. xi, 243. Endlicher, Genera, 

 iv 2 , 20. 



B. carpinifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. vi,99. Willdenow, Euum. 981; Berl. Baumz. 49. 



CHERRY BIRCH. BLACK BIRCH. SWEET BIRCH. MAHOGANY BIRCH. 



Newfoundland and the valley of the Saguenay river, west through Ontario to the Manitou islands of lake 

 Huron, south to northern Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghauy mountains to the Chattahoochee 

 region of northern Florida, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. 



A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; very common 

 in all northern forests. 



Wood heavy, very strong aiid hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary 

 rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity, 

 0.7617 ; ash, 0.26 ; now largely used in the manufacture of furniture and for fuel ; in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 

 largely in ship-building. 



" Birch beer" is obtained by fermenting the saccharine sap of this and perhaps some other species of the genus. 



300. Alnus maritima, Muhlenberg, 







Mas. Nuttall, Sylva, i, 34, t. 10"; 2 ed. i, 50, 1. 10 2 . Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. Canby in Coulter's Bot. 

 Gazette, vi, 1881. 



Betula-Alnus maritima, Marshall, Arbustum, 20. 



A. oblongata, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 172, t. vi, f. 3-9 [not Willdenow]. 



A. maritima typica, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii 4 , 427 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi 2 , 186. 



SEASIDE ALDER. 



Southern Delaware and eastern Maryland, near the coast; valley of the Red river, Indian territory, in about 

 longitude 96 30' W. (E, Hall); Manchuria and Japan (A. maritima, Japonica and arguta, Regel in De Candolle, 

 Prodr. xvi 2 , 186). 



A small tree, 6 to 7 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter; borders of streams and 

 swamps. 



Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, light 

 bright brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable, somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.4996; ash, 0.39. 



