182 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



JUNIPER. 



Eastern base of Pike's peak, Colorado, to the mountains of western Texas, and through New Mexico and 

 southern Arizona to southern California. 



A small, stunted tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter, or often branching 

 from the ground with many stout, contorted stems; dry, gravelly slopes between 3,500 and 7,000 feet elevation. 



Wood heavier than that of the type, the layers of annual growth often eccentric; specific gravity, 0.7119; 

 ash, 0.78; largely used for fuel and fencing. 



Viir. conjugens, Kngelmanu, 

 Trans. St. Louis Ao;il. iii. 590. V<;itch, .Manual Conif. -"'9. Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 158. 



JUNIPER. 



Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river (Austin), west and north. 



A tree 11 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, covering with extensive 

 forests the limestone hills of western Texas; its range not yet satisfactorily determined. 



Wood light, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of 

 small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, brown, often 

 streaked with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.0907; ash, 0.46; largely used for fencing, 

 fuel, telegraph poles, railway ties, etc. 



339. Juniperus Virginiana, Li 



Spec. 1 od. 1039. Ka!m, Travels, English ed. ii, 180. Marshall, Arbustum, 70. Waugenheim, Amor. 9, t. 2, f. 5. Walter, Fl. 

 Caroliniana, 243. Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 414; 2 ed. v,414. Lamarck, Diet, iv, 627. Willdenow, Spec. iv,853; Enum. 1025; Berl. 

 Baumz. 198. Persoon, Sy:;. ii,(>32. Destbntaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 539. Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 42, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 

 3ed. 173, t. 155. Pnrsh.Fl. Am. Sept (547. Nonveau Duhamel, vi, 49, t. 16. Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 96; Coinpend. Fl. 

 Philadelph. ii, 200. Eaton, Manual, 118; 2 ed. 194. Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245; Sylva, iii, 97;2ed. ii, 159. Bigelow, Mcd. Bot. iii, 49, 

 t. 45; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 398. Hayue, Demi. Fl. 205. Elliott,, Sk. ii, 717. Torrey in Nieollat's Kep. 167; Compend. Fl. N. States, 377; 

 Fl. N. York, ii, 235 ; Marcy's Rep. 284 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 142 ; <Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 211 ; Ives' Rep. 28. Sprengel, Syst. 

 iii, 908. Richard, Conif. 37, t. 6, f. 2. Audubon, Birds, t. 43. Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 13. Beck, Bot. 337. Lindley, Fl. Med. 

 r>5t;. London, Arboretum, iv, 2495, f. 2357. Forbes, Piiietuiu Woburn. 199. Penn. Cycl. xiii, 147. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 288. 

 Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 102; 2 ed. i, 118. Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 27, iii part. Scheele in Rosnier, Texas, Appx. 447. 

 Lindloy & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 202. P.irry in Owen's Rep. 618. Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 295. Knight, 

 Syn. Conif. 12. Darby, Bot. 8. States, 515. Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1S55, 101. Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. 

 ii, 130, 175. Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 43 ; 2 ed. 44. Bigelow in Pacific B. R. Rep. 20. Gordon, Pinetum, 112 ; 2 ed. 154. Cooper in 

 Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257 ; Am. Nat. iii, 413. Chapman, Fl. S. States, 435. Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii 2 , 48; Manual N. States, 

 5 ed. 474; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. Hooker f. in Trans. Liunaean Soc. xxiii-, 302. Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, 

 iii, 71. Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389. Wood, Cl. Book, 663 ; Bot. & Fl. 314. Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 510. 

 Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 591; Wheeler's Rep. vi,263. Lyall in Jour. 

 Lijinasan Soc. vii, 144. Henkel &, Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 335. Nelson, Pinaceae, 153. Hoopes, Evergreens, 291. Parlatore in De 

 Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 488. Young, Bot. Texas, 517. Koch, Deudrologie, ii', 138. Watson in King's Rep. v, 335. Rothrock iu PI. 

 Wheeler, 28, 50 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 10. Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 132. Haydoii in 

 Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 122. Vasey.Cat. Forest Trees, 37. Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 242. Broadhead 

 in Coulter's Bot. Ga/cttc, iii, 60. G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329. Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 183. VeitcL, 

 Manual Conif. 282. Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52 r . Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 87. Hemsley, Bot. Am.- 

 Cent. iii, 184. 



J. Caroliniana, Marshal!, Arbustum, 71. Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. 497. 

 J. arborcscens, Mceuch, Metli. 699. 



J. Barbadensix, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 246 [not Liunteus]. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 647. Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245; Sylva, 

 iii, 96 ; 2 cd. ii,158. 



J. Virginiana, var. Caroliniana, Willdenow, Berl. Bauniz. 198. Hayne, Dend. Fl. 205. London, Arboretum, iv, 2495. 



J. Virginiana, var. Hermanni, Persoou, Syn. ii, 632. 



J. Hermann!, Sprengel, Syst. iii, 908. 



J. fatida, var. Virginiana, Spach in Aun. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 298 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 318. 



J. Virffiniana vulgaris, Endlicher, Syu. Couif. 28. 



J. Salina, var. Virginiana, Antoine, Knpress. t. 83, 84. 



