204 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



383. Picea alba, Link, 



Linnsea, xv, 519. Carriere, Trait. Conif. 238 ; 2 ed. 319. PI. (lea Serres, xxi, 157, t. 2251. Brunei, Hist. Picea, 4 & t. f. A. 



Engelmann in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334. Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 184. 



Abies Canadensis, Miller, Diet. No. i. 



Pinus Canadensis, Da. Roi, Obs. Bot. 38 ; Harbk. ii, 124 [not Linnaeus]. Waugenheim, Anicr. 5, t. 1, f. 2. 



P. laxa, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 24. 



P. glauca, Mamch, Weiss. 73. 



Pinus alba, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 371 ; '2 ed. v, -318. Lambert, Finns, led. i, 39 t. 26; 2 ed. i, 43, t. 28; 3 ed. i,61, t. 35. 

 Willdenow, Spec, iv, 507; Enuin. 990 ; Berl. Baumz. 280. Persoon, Syn. ii, 579. Pursh, PI. Am. Sept. ii, 641. Smith 

 in Bees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 21. Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264. Nuttall, Genera, ii,223. Hayne, Dend. Fl. 177. Elliott, 

 Sk.ii, 640. Spreugel, Syst.ii,885. Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 231. Meyer, PI. Labrador,' 



30. Beck, Bot. 340. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163. Eatou & Wright, Bot. 358. Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 386. 



Antoine, Conif. 86, t. 34, f. 1. Endlicher, fiyn. Conif. 112. Darby, Bot. S. States, 515. Tuinbouw Flora, 1855, 1, 

 t. 14, 15. Walpers, Ann. v, 799. Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi 3 , 414. 



Pinus tetragona, Moench, Meth. 364. 



Abies alba, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 521. Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 207. Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 580. Michaux f. 

 Hist. Arb. Am. i, 133, t. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 144, t. 148. Nouvean Duhamel, v,291, t. 81, f. 2. London, 

 Arboretum, iv, 2310, f. 2224. Forbes,' Pinetum Woburn. 95, t. 33. Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 129; 2 ed. ii, 189. Spach, Hist. 

 Veg. xi, 412. Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 84 ; 2 ed. i, 99. Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 43. Knight, Syn. Couif. 36. Liudley 



6 Gordon in Jonr. Hort.Soc. London, v, 211. Parry in Owen's Eep. 618. Gordon, Pinetum, 2; 2 ed. 3. Richardson, 

 Arctic Exped. 442. Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 257. Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxiii 2 , 301. Engelmann 

 in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 330. Wood, Cl. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 313. Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 507. 

 Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelhiilz. 188. Nelson, Pinacese, 47. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471. Murray inSeemann, 

 Jour. Bot. v, 253, t. 69, f. 2-7. Hoopes, Evergreens, 157, f. 20. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 



7 ed. ii, 247. Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 44 C . 



Abies rubra, var. ccerulea, London, Arboretum, iv, 2316. Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211. 



Abies ccerulea, Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 99. 



P. ccerulea, Link in Linnsea, xv, 522. 



Pinus rubra, var. violacea, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 114. 



P. nigra, var. glauca, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 242. 



Abies arctica, Murray in Seemann, Jour. Bot. v, 253, t. 69, f. 1, 8-13. 



Abies laxa, Koch. Dendrologie, ii 2 ,243. 



Abies alba, var. ccerulea, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 320. 



Abies alba, var. arctica, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 414. 



WHITE SPRUCE. 



Newfoundland, northern shore of Labrador to Ungava bay, cape Churchill, and northwestward to the mouth of 

 the Mackenzie river and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska; south to the coast of Maine, northeastern Vermont 

 (West Burke and Elinwood, Pringle), northern Michigan, Minnesota to Moose lake and the White Earth Indian 

 reservation, the Black hills of Dakota (E. Douglas), aloug the Kocky mountains of northern Montana to the valley of 

 the Blackfoot river (Canby & Sargent), Sitka, and British Columbia. 



A tree 15 to 50 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; low, rather wet soil, borders of 

 ponds and swamps ; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its greatest 

 development along the streams and lakes of the Flathead region of northern Montana at an elevation of 2,500 

 to 3,500 feet; the most important timber tree of the American subarctic forests north of the sixtieth degree of 

 latitude, here more generally multiplied and of larger size than the allied P. nigra, with which it is associated; 

 its distribution southward in British Columbia not yet satisfactorily determined. 



Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight grained, compact, satiny; bands of small summer cells thin, not 

 conspicuous, resin passages few, minute; medullary rays numerous, prominent; color, light yellow, the sap-wood 

 hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.4051; ash, 0.32; largely manufactured into lumber, although not 

 distinguished in commerce from that of the black spruce (P. nigra). 



