210 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



Var. macrocarpa, Engelmann, 

 Bot. California, ii, 120. 



Abies Douglasii, var. macrocarpa, Torrey in Ives' Rep. 28. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. 

 Abies macrocarpa, Vasey in Gard. Monthly, Jan. 1876. 



HEMLOCK. 



California Coast ranges; San Bernardino mountains to the Cuyamaca mountains. 



A tree 30 to 54 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; dry ridges and canons between 

 2,500 and 4,000 feet elevation. 



Wood heavy, hard, strong, cross-grained, very durable, difficult to work ; color, rattier darker red than that of 

 the species ; specific gravity, 0.4563 ; ash, 0.08 ; somewhat manufactured into coarse lumber and largely used for fuel. 



392. Abies Fraseri, Lindley, 



Perm. Cycl. i, 30. Forbes, Pinetum Wobtiru. iii, t. 38. Link in Liuna>a, xv, 531. Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 139, t. 119; 2 ed. ii, 196, t. 119. 

 Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209. Carriere, Trait. Conif. 200; 2 ed. 270. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 

 257. Chapman, Fl. S. States, 434. Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 26. Wood, Cl. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 314. 

 Henkel & Hochstetter, Naclelhijlz. 169. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 472, in part. Hoopes, Evergreens, 202. Bertraud in Bull. 

 Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379. Koch, Dendrologie, ii 2 , 216. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 

 596; London Gard. Chronicle, 1877, 147. Veitch, Manual Conif. 96. 



Pinus Fraseri, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639. Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 27. Poiret, Suppl. v, 35. Sprengel, Syst. ii, 

 884. Beck, Bot. 340. Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264. Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 74, t. 42. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358. 

 Antoine, Conif. 76, t. 29, f. 1. Endlicher, Syu. Conif. 91. Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi 2 , 419. McNab in Proc. 

 Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 684, t. 47, f. 10. 



A. balsamea, var. Fraseri, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223. Spach, Hist. Veg. xi,422. 



Pinus balsamea, var. Fraseri, Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359. 



Picea Fraseri, London, Arboretum, iv, 8340, f. 2243, 2244. Knight, Syn. Conif. 39. Gordon, Pinetum, 148; 2 ed. 205. 



BALSAM. SHE BALSAM. 



High mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. 



A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter; moist slopes between 5,000 

 and 6,500 feet elevation, often forming considerable forests. 



Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells rather broad, light 

 colored, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white;, 

 specific gravity, 0.3565; ash, 0.54. 



393. Abies balsamea, Miller, 



* 



Diet. No. 5. Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 579. Nouveau Duhamel, v, 295, t. 83, f. 2. Richard, Conif. 74, 1. 16. Lindley, Penn. Cycl. i, 30;: 

 Fl. Med. 554 Forbes, Pinetum Wobnrn. 109, t. 37. Link in Linnasa, xv,530. Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 421. Griffith, Med. Bot. 605, 

 f. 268. Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210. Carriere, Trait. Conif. 217; 2 ed. 292. Richardson, Arctic Exped. 

 441. Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 291. Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257. Wood, Cl. Book, 661; Bot. & Fl. 314. 

 Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 506. Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 176. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471. Hoopes, 

 Evergreens, 197. Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379. Koch, Dendrologie, ii 2 , 214. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34. 

 Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii,246. Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 597. Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 

 211. Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 184. Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 46 C . Veitch, Manual Conif. 88. 



PimtS balsamea, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 1002. Wangenheim,Amer. 40. Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 370; 2 ed. v, 319. Meench, 

 Meth. 364. Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. 144. Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 48, t. 31 ; 2 ed. i, 52, t. 33 ; 3 ed. i, 72, t. 41. Willdenow, 

 Spec, iv, 504; Enum. 989; Berl. Baumz. 276. Persoon, Syn. ii, 579. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639. Eaton, Manual, 

 111; 6 ed. 264. Nnttall, Genera, ii, 223. Hay ne,Dend. Fl. 176. Elliott, Sk. ii,639. Sprengel, Syst. ii, 884. Torrey, 

 Compeud. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 229. Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, iv,59,t. 246. Woodville, Med. Bot. 

 3 ed. v, 1, t. 1. Beck, Bot. 340. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Arn. ii, 163. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358. Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 

 385. Antoine, Conif. 66, t. 26, f. 3. Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 103. Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 45. Darby, Bot. S. States, 515. 

 Parlatore iu De Candolle, Prodr. xvi 2 , 423. McNab iu Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 684, t. 47, f. 11. Bentley & 

 Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 263, t. 263. 



