Essentially evergreen in character, they contain a considerable number 

 of species, including Brachylaena Hutchinsii (muhugu), Croton Elliot- 

 tanus (mukinduri), Olea chrysophylla (mutamayu, brown olive), O. 

 Hochstetteri (musharagi, here at its lower limits and a small tree), 

 Piptadenia Buchanani (mukvi, along streams), Maba abyssinica 

 (muirosi), Rawsonia usambarensis (mutendera), Markhamia Hilde- 

 brandtii (muho), Warburgia ugandensis (muziga), Calodendron capense 

 (Cape chestnut), Strychnos Elliottii (muteta), Phyllanthus discoideus 

 (mukarara), Teclea sp. (munderendu), Schrebera alata (mutoma), 

 Gelonium procerum (munyenye), Acokanthera Schimperi (murichu), 

 A. longiflom (murichu), Elaeodendron sp., Eugenia sp. (by streams), 

 Dry-petes Battiscombei (munyenye), Ekebergia Ruepelliana (mununga), 

 and Chaetacme microcarpa (maiyuyu). Isolated specimens of cedar 

 (Juniperus procera) are sometimes met with, but the trees are stunted 

 and are below their usual elevation. There are occasional climbers and 

 epiphytic figs, but these are not so abundant as in moister types of forest. 

 There is a moderate undergrowth of grass, herbs and shrubs, including 

 Indigofera, Abutilon, Ardisia, Clausena anisata, various Compositae 

 and Acanthaceae, and in open places Dodonaea viscosa, Carissa edulis 

 and bracken fern. The forest varies in quality, being stunted and dry 

 in character where the underlying rock is near the surface. The pre- 

 dominating tree likewise varies, in some places muhugu (Brachylaena), 

 in some olive, and in some croton, becoming almost gregarious. Croton 

 regenerates with great freedom, and muhugu regeneration is often 

 plentiful, especially where the soil is exposed and there is no heavy 

 growth of grass. The most important tree of this type of forest is 

 muhugu, remarkable in being a giant composite reaching a height of 

 100 feet and occasionally more, with a long, clean, but much fluted and 

 irregularly shaped bole; the wood is hard, compact, fragrant, very 

 durable and resistant to termites, and is an excellent fuel. 



(6) Cedar forests. These, the most important timber forests in the 

 Colony, are characterised by the presence of the East African pencil 

 cedar, Juniperus procera, a large evergreen tree ordinarily attaining a 

 height of 60-70 feet, but under specially favourable conditions reaching 

 a height of 120-150 feet and a girth of 12-18 ft. The true home of the 

 cedar is on the slopes of the mountains at an elevation of 7-9,000 feet, 

 with a rainfall of 40-55 inches, though it occasionally ascends or 9,500 

 feet or higher, and descends to 6,000 feet or even lower. Within its 

 altitudinal range its distribution is governed largely by rainfall; 

 generally speaking, where the rainfall exceeds 55 inches, the cedar forests 

 give place to moister types of evergreen forest in which the cedar is 

 absent. Cedar forests extend into comparatively dry regions where the 

 rainfall is as low as 25 inches, but here the trees are usually stunted 

 and badly shaped. 



The forests are evergreen in character, the chief companions of the 

 cedar being Podocarpus gracilior, P. milanjianus, Olea Hochstetteri 

 (musharagi), 0. chrysophylla (mutamayu, brown olive), Warburgia 

 ugandensis (muziga), Rapanea rhododendroides (mugaita), Dombeya 

 Mastersii (mukao), Toddalia nobilis (munderendu), Teclea sp. (mun- 

 derendu), Celtis Kraussiana (murundu), Weihea africana (musaizi), 

 Allophyllus abyssinicus (mushami), Eugenia sp., Olinia sp. and other 

 trees. There is a somewhat dense undergrowth of shrubs, chiefly ever- 

 green, and herbaceous plants; among these may be mentioned Myrsine 

 africana, Trichocladus ellipticus (wych hazel, forming a dense growth 

 in valleys and moist places), Rubus spp.,Rhamnus prinoides, Plectranthus 

 spp., Impatiens spp., Acanthus eminens, Mimulopsis Thomsonii (reaching 

 a height of 6-10 feet and forming dense masses in fertile places) and 



