ELEMENTS OF HIPPO LOGY. 



Figure 51. 



effort to get-away from the pain caused by this pinching, the 

 horse does not notice the painless pull on the portending to drag 

 his head down, but does notice the pain to his lips, and throws 

 his head forward to avoid it. Thus the pinching of the lips 

 makes the bit a lever of the first class. 



When the curb-chain is too tight, so that it slips up out of 

 the chin-groove to Ihe sharp edges of the branches of the jaw- 

 bone, the bit is said to stand stiff, as in Figure 51. 



