AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS 123 



1849. Clarke saw trypanosomiasis on ihe Gold Coast. 

 1869. Guerin found it in Martinique in the negro slaves imported 

 from Africa. 



1890. Nepveu found the trypanosome in the blood of man in 

 Algeria while searching for malaria. This was the first time it had 

 been found in man, and it was accidental (Manson). Its significance 

 was not then known. 



1891. The first case was brought to London under Sir Stephen 

 Mackenzie. 



1895. Bruce showed that " nagana " was due to T. brucei. 



1900. Two human cases were brought to London under Sir Patrick 

 Manson. The morbid anatomy of these cases was studied in detail by 

 Dr. Mott. . 



1901. Ford and Dutton found T. gambiense in the blood of 

 patients on the Gambia. 



1902 and 3. Castellani found trypanosomes in the cerebrospinal 

 fluid of patients in Uganda. 



1903. Sir David Bruce and Nabarro showed that Trypanosomiasis 

 was spread by Glossina palpalis, an hypothesis alreadv formed by 

 Sambon and Brompt on epidemiological grounds. 



1905. Thomas introduced " atoxyl " for treatment. 



1907. A bureau was founded in London for the studv of the 

 disease. Ehrlich found that trypanosomes mav become atoxvl- 

 resistant. Plimmer and Thomas introduced tartar emetic associated 

 with atoxyl for treatment. 



1910. Stephens and Fantham created a new species, e.g., T. 

 rhodesiense. 



191 2. Kinghorn and York showed that G. morsitans was a trans- 

 mitting agent for T. rhodesiense. Livingstone (1841-1873) gave 

 arsenic to horses for nagana. 



Manson had used liquor arsenicalis. 



DISTRIBUTION. 



It was first noticed on the West Coast of vSierra Leone. It was 

 imported from this endemic centre to the West Indies from time to 

 time, where it soon died out. 



In 1882 it existed from Senegal to Loando and the islands of the 

 Gulf of Guinea. It was much wider spread at this time, but it was not 

 known to civilization. 



In 1898 it was known on the Upper Niger. 



Tlje disease was probablv spread in Africa as follows : — 



In 1886 vStanlev took some Congolese natives across Africa to the 

 Victoria Nile. Some of these natives settled to the west of Lake Albert 



