588 TROPICAL HYGIENE, SANITATION, ETC. 



(9) Indian Latrines. — The separation system is commonly 

 used. The urine and washings are led by a pipe to a 

 special receptacle and are not immediately mixed with 

 earth. There are many modifications of platforms both 

 Avith regard to material and pattern. They are made in 

 iron, stonework, glazed ware, &c., and may be so con- 

 structed as to avoid splashing. Instead of a seat there 

 are the necessary foot rests for squatters such as are 

 employed in all oriental latrines. Pails for the removal 

 of the excreta should have a tight, well-fitting lid. They 

 are taken away in carts or carried by coolies. Their 

 contents should not be emptied into carts near to 

 dwellings. 

 (B) European. 



(i) Deep Pit Latrines. — These are useful for small communi- 

 ties, with a box seat over a pit, and a small movable house 

 over the whole as previously described. 



(2) The Bucket System. — This is good when the natives attend-' 



ing to them are reliable and the supervision sufficient. 

 Loam should be used and the bucket emptied daily and 

 washed out with cyllin. No nuisance need arise. The 

 receptacle for the bucket should be so constructed that it 

 is not necessary for the scavengers to enter the dwellings. 



(3) Water Closets. — These are the best of all where a water 



supply is laid on and the drainage is good. They should 

 be outside the house, as in the tropics the evaporation of 

 water allows the best of traps to leak sewer gas. 



(4) A Che7nical Method. — For troops in the field the system 



suggested by Myer Coplans and James Menzies has 

 found favour with the War Office, and is useful for the 

 purpose for which it is intended. The writers describe 

 it as follows : — 

 "The apparatus consists of: — 



" (i) A partitioned chamber for reception of excreta, 



" (2) A condenser, 



" (3) A receptacle for the condensed products. 

 " The tank into which the excreta, mixed urine and 

 faeces are introduced is cylindrical in shape and divided 

 into several sections by horizontal partitions. The 

 sewage is poured in through a hopper and broken up by 

 a revolving comb ; it passes on from above downwards 

 through the successive partitions, being exposed all the 

 time to a high temperature. As a result there ensues 

 complete disintegration. The solid residue comes out at 



