4o8 



NA TURE 



[August 25, 



great African companies, and the administration of the African 

 Protectorate has opened up to us, as a sort of unconscious gift 

 to science, wherein the problems raised originally by Boehm's 

 jelly-fish may be followed up, not in imagination only, but with 

 tlie pleasant certainty of tangible results. J. E. S. M. 



UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL 

 INTELLIGENCE. 



Dr. Luciani, Professor in Human Physiology in the 

 University of Rome, whose work on the functions of the 

 cerebellum is well known throughout the scientific world, has 

 (says the British Medical /ourjial) been elected Rector of the 

 Rome University for the academic year 1898-99. Dr. Corona, 

 Professor of Experimental Physiology and President of the 

 Faculty of Medicine of the Parma University, has been elected 

 Rector of this University. 



The following list of this year's successful candidates for 

 Royal Exhibitions, National Scholarships, and Free Student- 

 ships (Science), has been issued by the Department of Science 

 and Art : — Royal Exhibitions — George S. Taylor, Devonport ; 

 Leslie H. Hounsfield, London ; William McG. Wallace, Crewe ; 

 William W. Firth, Oldham ; Henry J. Round, Cheltenham ; 

 Sidney A. Main, Brighton ; James Davidson, Newcastle-on- 

 Tyne. National Scholarships for Mechanics — Aidan N. 

 Henderson, Edinburgh ; John E. Jagger, Manchester ; William 

 Alexander, Glasgow ; Victor G. Alexander, Portsmouth ; 

 Ernest A. Forward, London ; George E. Parker, Denholme, 

 Bradford ; Percy W. Kelsey, Brighton ; Frank H. Phillips, 



-Crewe ; Joel J. Lee, Portsmouth. Free Studentships for 

 Mechanics — George Walker, Bradford ; Marshall H. Straw, 

 Sneinton, Nottingham. National Scholarships for Physics and 



•Chemistry — George M. Norman, Brighton ; William S. Tucker, 

 Kidderminster ; John Satterly, Ashburton ; Robert J. Bartlett, 

 London ; Joe Stephenson, Linthwaite, Huddersfield ; Lewis 

 L. Fermor, London ; Robert Gillespie (junr. ), Glasgow ; 

 Frederick C. Clarke, Plymouth ; Thomas Stenhouse, Roch- 

 dale. Free Studentships for Physics and Chemistry — Arthur 

 E. Garland, London ; Stanley C. Dunn, London ; Harold V. 

 Capsey, Wellington, Salop ; Isidore Tom, London. National 

 Scholarships for Biology — Stanhope E. Baynes-Smith, Sheffield ; 

 Stafford E. Chandler, London ; Arthur Pickles, Burnley ; 

 William E. Clarke, London. 



The Scottish Education Department has issued a circular 

 containing a series of proposals for the recognition of a distinct 

 class of higher grade science schools by the Department. For 

 the further encouragement of instruction in science and art in 

 combination with a sound scheme of general education, a grant 

 will be made on the following conditions to the managers of 

 schools which provide a satisfactory course of instruction ex- 

 tending over not less than three years to pupils who have 

 obtained a merit certificate or otherwise satisfy the Department 

 of their capacity to profit by such advanced instruction: (i) 

 The Department must be satisfied that the school possesses a 

 proper equipment for instruction in science and art, namely, 

 sufficient laboratory accommodation, with the necessary ap- 

 paratus for instruction in science, suitable drawing tables or 

 -desks, and an adequate provision of examples for instruction in 

 .art, and, as a rule, a workshop or room specially adapted and 

 equipped for instruction in the use of tools. (2) A course of 

 instruction extending over at least three years must be submitted 

 to and approved by the Department, and this course shall make 

 provision for the following : — Experimental science — Not less 

 than four hours a week, of which at least two hours must be 

 spent by each pupil in practical work. Drawing. —At least 

 two hours a week. The course in its earlier stages should 

 embrace instruction in freehand drawing, model drawing from 

 common objects as well as from geometrical models, and 

 drawing to scale of plan elevation and section. Mathe- 

 matics. — At least four hours a week, [a) Geometry 

 .and mensuration— practical and theoretical, {b) Higher arith- 

 metic and algebra. History and English literature. — The first 

 two years in the latter subject should be devoted to cultivating a 

 taste for good literature by the reading of interesting works of 

 good style and elevation of sentiment. Geography. — A revisal 

 of previous knowledge ; the reading of maps («.^. of contour 

 lines) and their construction ; elementary exercises in surveying 

 and mapping ; a thorough regional survey, by means of excur- 



NO. 1504, VOL. 58] 



sions, of the physical geography, flora, fauna, and historical 

 antiquities of the district in which the school is situated ; a study 

 of commercial geography, based largely upon the shipping and 

 trade news of the daily papers. Manual instruction. — At lea.st 

 three hours. Girls — needlework and dressmaking, cookery. 

 Boys — woodwork, ironwork, clay modelling. In the latter 

 subjects, and in dressmaking for the girls, the pupils will be 

 expected to make a practical application of the drawing taught 

 in the school, and the knowledge acquired in the science lessons 

 can, to some extent, be turned to account for the explanation ot 

 the processes in cookery. The Department must be satisfied 

 that the teachers have a competent knowledge of the subjects 

 which they are to teach, and, in the case of science, that they 

 have had experience in treating the subject experimentally. As 

 a rule not more than forty pupils in a class may be instructed 

 by one teacher at one time, nor more than twenty-five in practical 

 work. 



SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES. 

 Paris. 

 Academy of Sciences, August 16.— M. Woltin the chair. — 

 The Perpetual Secretary announced to the Academy the death 

 of M. Pomel, Correspondant in the Mineralogy Section. — On 

 continuous groups ot movements in three dimensions of any 

 variety whatever, by M. G. Ricci. — On the differential invariants 

 of a system of ;« + i points with respect to projective trans- 

 formations, by M. E. O. Lovett.— On the representation of 

 varieties of three dimensions, by M. Emile Cotton. —On com- 

 mutators, by M. P. Janet. — Atmospheric carbon dioxide, by 

 MM. Albert Levy and H. Henriet. After complete removal 

 of carbon dioxide by baryta water, by the prolonged contact of 

 air with caustic potash, fresh quantities of the gas are formed by 

 the slow oxidation of some organic matter existing in the air. 

 Under certain atmospheric conditions, the amount thus formed 

 may amount to nearly as much as the carbonic acid originally 

 present 



CONTENTS. PAGE 



Comparative Algebra. By G. B. M 385 



Early Greek Astronomy 3^6 



A Hundred and Fifty North American Birds. By 



R. L 388 



Our Book Shelf:— 



Symons and Wallis: " Symons's British Rainfall, 



1897" 389 



Griffini : " Storia Naturale, per la gioventu Itahana " 389 



" Iowa Geological Survey " 389 



Letters to the Editor : — 



Whatis "Anlage"?-Dr. Arthur Willey .... 390 

 "Animal Intelligence."— Edward L. Thorndike ; 



Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan -390 



A Tooth of Hybodtis grossicornis from the Inferior 



Oolite.— Thos. Beacall 39° 



Iridescent Clouds.— E. Armitage 39° 



Distant Thunderstorms affecting Flowers.— Rose- 

 mary Crawshay 39° 



International Congress of Zoologists 390 



The British Association 392 



Glyptic and Graphic Art applied to Palaeontology. 



{Illustrated.) 392 



John A. R. Newlands. By W. A. T 395 



Professor George Ebers 396 



Notes 396 



Our Astronomical Column :— 



Comet Perrine (March 19) 400 



Parallaxes and Masses of 7 Virginis and 7 Leonis . . 400 



A Catalogue of Fourth-Type Stars 401 



A Yorkshire Moor. II. {Illustrated.) By Prof. L. C. 



Miall, F.R.S ; V • '^°' 



The Marine Fauna in Lake Tanganyika, and the 

 Advisability of further Exploration in the Great 



African Lakes. {With Map.) By J. E. S. Moore 404 



University and Educational Intelligence 408 



Societies and Academies 4o8 



