October 7, 1897] 



NATURE 



539 



the occurrence of intentionally worked flints in Tertiary 

 beds, but denies that they were made by man for the 

 theoretical reason that the Quaternary beds are charac- 

 terised by the appearance of man, and if worked flints 

 occur in undoubted Tertiary strata they cannot have been 

 made by man, but by a precursor of man. He acknow- 

 ledges Pithecanthropus crectus to be such a precursor. 

 The Chellian, .A.cheulian, Mousterian, Solutrian and 

 Madelenian divisions of the Pahuolithic period are 

 described and the typical implements figured. Part of 

 the population of France at the close of the Pahcolithic 

 period migrated northwards with the reindeer, and he 

 regards the ancestors of the Eskimo as the most ancient 

 French colonists. 



The remaining aborigines were swamped by the first 

 invasion of France, men from Western Asia who brought 

 with them the Neolithic civilisation, the art of polishing 

 stone implements and of making pottery ; these brachy- 

 cephalic immigrants domesticated animals, practised 

 agriculture, cared for their dead, and had religious ideas. ' 



A second Oriental invasion left a very slight phy sical 

 influence on the population; it merely reinforced the 

 Neolithic brachycephals, but by the introduction of bronze 

 it eftected a tremendous industrial revolution. 



The discovery of iron came from Africa, but its intro- 

 duction into Europe was not marked by any racial 

 movement. Mortillet thus epitomises the three imported 

 stages of culture : — 



" The polished stone and the civilisation that accom- 

 panied it were brought to us by a violent invasion. 

 Bronze by a slow religious infiltration. Iron arrived 

 simply by commerce and industry." 



The anthropological documents are lastly put forward 

 as evidence. The author gives a lucid account of the 

 osteology of the prehistoric races, The race of Neander- 

 thal he would erect into a distinct species. The Upper 

 Pakeolithic period is characterised by the race of Lau- 

 gerie ; the most important remains of this race were found 

 in Madelenian deposit at Laugerie-Basse and at Chan- 

 celade (both in Dordogne). Mortillet argues that this 

 race was a development /;/ situ from the older race, and 

 not a foreign invading type. At the commencement of 

 the Neolithic period a third dolichocephalic race is re- 

 cognisable ; this is often called the race of Cro-Magnon, 

 but as this is not very typical, it is better to term it 

 the race of Baumes-Chaudes, the remains of the cave 

 of r Homme Mort being less pure than the former. The 

 Baumes-Chaudes and the Cro-Magnon were slightly 

 divergent descendants of the older Laugerie race. 

 Mortillet associates the Cro-Magnon sepulture with the 

 similar triple sepulture at Barma-Grande, and suggests 

 that these were the forerunners of the tall fair Gallo- 

 Germanic invaders. 



The mass of the French population consists of the 

 dolichocephalic autocthones who have persisted since 

 Palitolithic times, though they have gradually become 

 modified ; the Baumes-Chaudes race of this stock amal- 

 gamated in Neolithic times with invading brachycephalic 

 peoples. It is this mixture which has formed the mass 

 of the French people, that sedentary population which 

 may be described as the nucleus of the French demo- 

 cracy. Since then there has always been a turbulent, 

 NO. 1458, VOL. 56] 



noisy, mobile aristocracy.which alone has filled the pages 

 of history. 



Prof, de Mortillet has produced a charmingly written 

 and very lucid account of the conclusions at which he 

 has arrived after a life-long study of all the available 

 materials, and though some of his views may be criticised, 

 all his colleagues will congratulate him on the publication 

 of so useful and instructive a work. A, C. H. 



OUR BOOK SHELF. 

 The University Geological Survey of Kansas. Vol. II. 



By Erasmus Haworth and assistants. Pp. x -f 318. 



(Topeka : The Kansas State Printing Company, 1897.) 

 When the full and complete geological survey of a State 

 is undertaken by members of a University faculty, it 

 behoves us to be thankful that the University is so alive 

 to its responsibilities as to work in this way for the 

 " increase and dissemination of knowledge among men." 

 Shortly after the Kansas University opened a graduate 

 department in geology and palaeontology, the geological 

 survey of the State was undertaken, and the second 

 volume of results is before us. The work is carried out 

 by members of the University faculty, their advanced 

 students, and other individuals. Like the quality of 

 mercy it is twice blessed, for the State gains by the in- 

 crease of knowledge of its geology, and the information 

 obtained goes to strengthen the geological departments 

 of the University. 



The present volume has been prepared principally by 

 the department of physical geology; and it deals chiefly 

 with the stratigraphic properties of the Cretaceous and 

 younger formations of Western Kansas, little attention 

 being given to economic geology. The papers in the 

 volume are as follows : — " Physiography of Western 

 Kansas " and "The Physical Properties of the Tertiary," by 

 Prof. Erasmus Haworth; " The Upper Permian and Lower 

 Cretaceous," by Prof Charles S. Prosser ; " The Upper 

 Cretaceous of Kansas," by Mr. W. N. Logan; "The 

 Kansas Niobrara Cretaceous" and "The Pleistocene ot 

 Kansas," by Prof. S. W. Williston ; and " The McPherson 

 Equus Beds," by Prof. E. Haworth and Mr. J. W. Beede. 



The reports are intended for the citizens of Kansas, 

 and therefore parts of some of them are of an elemen- 

 tary character, the rudimentary principles of the subject 

 being explained where explanation is needed to elucidate 

 the facts and render them easily understood by readers 

 who are not trained geologists. This, however, only makes 

 the reports more interesting to the mass of the people of 

 the State, and it is certainly better to obtain geological 

 knowledge through the medium of reports like those in 

 the volume before us than from text-books which give 

 it second-hand. 



Forty-eight plates, reproduced by photographic pro- 

 cess, illustrate some of the physiographic features of 

 Kansas, and add to the interest of the various papers. 



Set of Twelve Diagrams illustrating the Principles oj 

 Mining. Arranged by F. T. Howard, M.A., F.G.S., 

 and E. W. Small, M.A., B.Sc, F.G.S. (London: 

 Chapman and Hall, Limited, 1897.) 

 Arranged in accordance with the syllabus of the De- 

 partment of Science and Art, this admirable set of 

 diagranis will prove of great value to teachers of evening 

 classes in the principles of mining, for there can be no 

 doubt that hitherto the want of suitable wall diagrams 

 has proved a serious obstacle in the way of efficient in- 

 struction in this important subject. The diagrams 

 measure 30 by 40 inches, and the subjects dealt with are : 

 (i) the geology of the British Isles, (2) the occurrence of 

 coal and ore deposits, (3 and 4) boring plant, (5) methods 



