CHAPTER XXXII 

 THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ZOOLOGY 



The present generation finds itself the heir of a vast patrimony of science ; 

 and it must needs concern us to know the steps by which these possessions 

 were acquired, and the documents by which they are secured to us and our 

 heirs forever. WHEWELL, History of the Inductive Sciences. 



Divisions of the Science of Zoology. Zoology is the science 

 that treats of animals. It is a sister science of botany, which 

 deals with the plant world. Both botany and zoology are 

 branches of biology, the science which has to do with living 

 things. The various ways in which animals may be consid- 

 ered by man give rise to the different divisions of the science 

 of zoology. Thus the study of the structure of the organs of 

 animals is comparative anatomy, or morphology ; the study 

 of the functions of the organs (such as nutrition, growth, and 

 reproduction) is comparative physiology. The consideration 

 of the mental phenomena of animals is the field of compara- 

 tive psychology. The geographical distribution of animals deals 

 with the fauna of the different land-areas ; the geological dis- 

 tribution (paleontology), with the animal life of past eras. The 

 study of the relations of animals to each other, to plants, 

 and to their inorganic environment, is ecology. Under the 

 name of bionomics, Professor E. Ray Lankester has defined 

 this as " the lore of the farmer, gardener, sportsman, and 

 field naturalist." To show the blood-relationships of the dif- 

 ferent members of the kingdom, animals are arranged in 

 groups, or classified ; this division of the subject is system- 

 atic zoology. The consideration of the uses of animals to man 

 is the field of economic zoology. Finally, the inquiry after 

 the causes of the various phenomena of nature is etiology. 



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