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essential conditions of success : First, effective protection ; second, a good system ta 

 secure the regeneration of forests either naturally by self-sown seedlings or coppice 

 shoots, or artificially by planting, sowing, or other cultural operations ; third, good lines 

 of communication to facilitate protection, the working of the forest and the export of 

 produce ; and fourth, well considered and methodically arranged plans of working." 



SURVEY AND DEMARKATION OF THE CROWN FORESTS. 



Before the protection and management of forests can be undertaken, it is necessary 

 to survey and demarkate the forest lands that are to be reserved. Protection can only be 

 rendered effective after a good forest boundary has been established and disputes or rights 

 of usage settled. A sharp distinction is wanted between waste Crown land, or private or 

 Trust property, and land that is subject to a forest regime. For purposes of management, 

 a knowledge of the extent, figure, situation, and condition of the forests is essential, and 

 it is best gained by surveys based on the demarkation work. It has been shown again 

 and again that very little good is done in managing the forests of a new country until 

 their demarkation is taken in hand. In the same way that farms have to be laid off for 

 agriculture, forest reserves are required to be demarkated for forest work. These 

 reserves should be made to include, as far as circumstances will permit of 



1. Land covered with forest. 



2. Land required for protecting and working the forests. 



3. Belts of land, along hill ranges, on which forests are needed to protect the 



soil against erosion and to control the flow of water, or on which it is 

 required to regulate the grazing for the same reasons. 



4. Sanddrifts where their spread may become injurious, 



5. Land required for reforesting. 



Land reserved under the second head may be required for the following purposes 



(a) the depasturing of cattle employed in transporting or in hauling timber, (6) to provide 

 easy access or retain a right of way to the several portions of the forest, (c) the location- 

 of saw mills, (d) the protection of the forest from fires by making it possible to burn a 

 fire belt all round, and to rectify irregular boundaries, which expose a long vulnerable 

 line to fires and winds, (e) to facilitate supervision and prevent encroachments or 

 depredations. Bare mountain slopes overlooking forests should also be reserved under 

 this category. Generally, it is evident that if forests are allowed to become hemmed in 

 by private farms, the possibility of working them will have to depend upon the goodwill 

 of the surrounding proprietors, who would be in a position to use the produce for their 

 own benefit, to the exclusion of the Government and the public. 



The third category would consist of land (a) in a zone along the crests of hills, 



(b) on steep slopes, say of 1 in 1 and over, (c) on which streams take their rise 



