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agrifolia (Coast live oak), Q. Kellogii (black oak) and Q. densiftora (chesnut oak) ; on 

 the Rocky Mountains they are represented by the cottonwood (Populus tremuloides) and 

 some small oaks (Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii, Q. Emoryii, and Q. grisea). 



In the Great Basin, a stunted juniper and a small pine (Pinus monophylld) are the 

 only characteristic trees. 



Detailed information about the trees of the United States may be found in the 

 Report on the Forests of North America by Prof. C. S. Sargent, Washington, 1884. 

 (Vol. IX : Tenth Census, 1880.) 



Mexico. The climate is similar to that of Natal, the mean temperature ranging from 

 70 to 50 according to elevation. A number of the species found in Texas and Cali- 

 fornia extend to the northern plateau. Among the hardwoods, Swietenia Mohagoni 

 (Mahogany) deserves special notice, and Hymenea Courbaril yields very strong and elastic 

 timber. The oaks are represented chiefly by Quercus Castanea (chesnut oak), Q. agri- 

 folia, Q. Skinneri, and Q. Sideroxylon. Other noticeable trees are Morus celtidifolia and 

 the evergreen Ulmus crassifolia. Conifers predominate between 5,000 and 13,000 feet ; 

 the principal species are Pinus tenuifolia, forming dense forests at 5,000 feet, P. Teocote, 

 P. religiosa (Organel Fir), P. Pseudo-S/wbus, P. Pinceana, P. leiophylla, P. patula, P. 

 Ayacahuite, P. Hartwegii, P. cembroides (swamp pine), Cupressus Lindleyi, C. Benthami, 

 and Taxodium mucronatum, the Moutezurna cypress, forming extensive forests. 



Atlantic Islands. In Bermuda, the pencil cedar (Juniperus Bermudiand) is a 

 noticeable tree. In the Canary Islands, conifers are represented by Pinus Pinea, P. 

 Canariensis, and Juniperus Cedrus ; in the Azores, by Pinus Pinea and Juniperus 

 brevifolia. Persea Teneriffce is a large tree found in both groups and in Madeira. 



Mediterranean Region, In northern Africa, some fine forests are found on the Atlas 

 mountains of Morocco and Algeria ; they consist principally of Pinus Halepensis 

 (Aleppo pine), Quercus Suber (cork oak), Pinus Cedrus (Atlas cedar), and Callitris 

 quadrivalvis (Atlas cypress). Associated with these species are : Quercus castaneifolia, 

 Q. ilex var. Ballota, Pinus Pinaster ^Cluster pine) and P. Pinsapo. Other Algerian trees 

 are : Quercus Mirbeckii (zeen), Q. coccifera (kermes oak), Pistacia Lentiscus (mastic 

 tree), P. 2 erebinthus, P. Atlantica, Ceratonia siliqua (carob), Olea Europcea (olive), 

 Laurus nobiius (laurel), Castanea sativa (chesnut). Salix alba (silky willow) S- Babylonica 

 (weeping willow) and Buxus sempervirens (Box). 



Oaks and pines are the most important forest trees of Southern Europe. In the 

 cooler zone, Quercus robur, the British Oak, forming the two varieties pedunculata and 

 sessiliflora, extends from Spain and the south of France to Greece and Turkey, and 

 supplies most of the oak timber used for construction. Fagus sylvatica, the beech, 

 Fratiinus excelsior, the ash, Castanea sativa, the chesnut, Acer platanoides, the Norway 

 maple, and Ulmus compestris, the elm, are the most important associated trees. 



The warmer zone is characterized by Olea Europcea, the olive. The principal 

 conifers are Pinus Halepensis (Aleppo pine), found from Portugal to the Taurus, P. 

 Pinaster (cluster pine) extending to Greece, P. Pinea (stone pine), reaching Asia Minor, 

 and P. Laricio, the Corsican pine, found, in some of its numerous varieties, from Spain to 

 the Taurus, and as far north as the Danube, and P. Pinsapo limited to Spain and North 

 Africa. The oaks are mostly of evergreen species : Quercus Suber, the cork oak, 

 forms very valuable forests in southern provinces of Catalonia, and Q. occidentalis, an 

 .allied species, replaces it in the littoral zone. In Spain, Quercus Ilex (Holly oak) and 

 Q. Tozza are associated with the cork oak and Pinus Pinaster. Quercus Cerris (Turkey 

 oak) is a valuable species found from France to /South Western Asia, reaching its greatest 

 development in Turkey. Other Eastern oaks are Q. ^Egilops, the Valonia oak of Turkey 

 and Q. macrolepsis, one of the Valonia oaks of Greece. Other trees are Castanea sativa, 

 the chesnut, found all over south-eastern Europe, Celtis Australis (lotus-tree), with the 

 same range, Fagus sylvatica (beech), extending to the south of Corsica, where it is 

 associated with the Corsican pine, Buxus sempervirens (Box), attaining its largest size in 

 Turkey, but widely distributed, and Ceratonia siliqua, the carob-tree, found but 

 sparingly. 



Descriptions and particulars of the trees of the Mediterranean region may be found 

 in Mathieu's Flore Forestiere. 



South Western Asia. In Asia Minor, the principal forests are found on the Taurus. 

 The wild olive (Olea Europaa), covers the hills, between forests of pines (Pinus 

 Halepensis, P. Pinaster, P. Pinea, P. Cilicica, the Cilician silver fir, P. Orientalis, the 

 Sapindus fir) and oaks (Quercus Ilex, var Ballota, Q. ^Egilops, and Q. infectorid). Other 



