185 



Blue Gum of New South Wales ; E. pilularis, the Black Butt of Southern Queensland, 

 New South Wales, and Gippsland ; E. siderophloria, the White Ironbark, E. hcemastoma, 

 one of the White Gums, and E. hemiphloia, the Box, all three found in New South Wales 

 and South Queensland ; E. corymbosa the Blood wood ; and E. metadata, the Spotted 

 Gum of N. S. Wales and Queensland. Among the Acacia3, Acacia melanoxylon, the Black- 

 wood of South-eastern Australia, attains a large size ; A. decurrens the black wattle of 

 Victoria and N. S. Wales, and A. pycnantha, the golden wattle of Victoria and S. 

 Australia, yield bark valuable for tanning. The Casuarinese or She Oaks are spread from 

 the Coast to the far interior, Casuarina quadrivalvis, C. snberosa, and C. torulosa, being 

 the principal species in South-eastern Australia. Other trees are Angophera intermedia 

 and Fagns Cunninghami, found also in Tasmania. In Tasmania, the Huon pine 

 (Dacrydium Franklini), the beech (Fagus Cunninghami), and the celery pine (Phyllocladus 

 rhomboidalis), are valuable species. 



In East Queensland, which forms the northern half of the eastern region, the climate 

 is warm and humid. A characteristic feature is the occurrence of conifers, including 

 Araucaria Cunninghami, the Moreton Bay pine, found between 14 Q and 32 S. Lat. t 

 Dammnra robusta (Kauri), with a smaller range, from 18 to 26 ; Araucaria Bidwilli, 

 Podocarpus data, Callitrisverrucosa, C. Parlatorei, and C. Madeyana towardsthe south; and 

 C. columellaris, on bare Coast tracts towards the north. The principal Eucalypts are 

 Eucalyptus tereticornis, the Red Gum, and E. botryoides, the Bastard Mahogany, both 

 found from East Queensland to Gippsland ; E. crebra, the narrow-leaved Ironbark of 

 N. S. Wales and Queensland ; E. microcorys, one of the Stringy barks, with the same 

 range ; and E. Raveretiana, the Grey or Iron Gum. Less important species are E* 

 citriodora, the Scented Gum ; E. Baileyana and E. Planchoniana, both found in South 

 Queensland ; E. triantha, the White Mahogany of N. S. Wales and Queensland ; E. 

 mdanophloia, the silver-leaved Ironbark, with the same range ; E. platyphylla ; E. 

 terminalis, the Bloodwood of North Queensland ; E. populifolia, one of the Box Gums ; 

 and E. Abergiana, both also found in North Queensland. The principal other non-coni- 

 ferous trees are Tristania conferta and Cedrela Austrtlis (red cedar), Casuarina 

 torulosa, C. tenuissima, Flindersia Australis, F. Oxleyana (yellowwood), Syncarpia lauri- 

 folia (turpentine tree), and Angophera subvelutina, all extending to N. S. Wales. 

 Grevillea robusta, Gmelina Leicharlii, Ulmus parvifolia (an evergreen elm) and Melaleuca 

 leucadendron, have a more northern range, but the last species extends so far south as 

 34 Lat. 



The western region extends from 20 to 35 S. Lat., in Western Australia. The 

 climate is very dry except to the south-west, where the principal forests are situated, and 

 the rainfall attains in a few places 40 inches. Perth has a mean temperature of about 

 70. The great majority of the trees are Eucalypts, Eucalyptus marainata, the Jarrah, 

 being the most abundant, as well as the most valuable, species. Then come E. diversi- 

 color (Karri), E. viminalis (white gum), E. loxopldeba (York gum), E. calophylla (red 

 gum), E. gomphocephala (Tooart) and E, cornuta and E. occidentalis , the Yate trees. Of 

 minor importance are E. ficifolia, E. Salmonophloia, and E. Doratoxylon (spear wood) 

 found in sterile districts. Among other species may be mentioned Acacia leiophylla, 

 valued for its bark, Casuarina Frasennj,, growing in sterile tracts, and Callitris 

 columellaris, the cypress pine, abounding on sandy wastes to the north. 



In Central and North Australia, the country is generally destitute of trees; there are 

 large stretches covered with low scrub, composed of minor species of Acaciae or 

 Eucalypts, such as Eucalyptus oleosa, one of the " Mallee" trees, but very few timber 

 forests. The climate is extremely dry and arid, except on the north coast, where the 

 rainfall is from 50 to 70 inches. Among the larger Eucalypts are E. microtheca, widely 

 dispersed over the inland regions, and E. salubris, the Gimlet wood of West and Central 

 Australia. Smaller species are E. phcenicea, found in Carpentaria and Arnhem's Land, 

 and E. tesselaris, extending to Queensland. Other noticeable trees are Melaleuca 

 leucadendon and Melia Azedarach, two Indian species found in North and East Australia; 

 Casuarina equisetifolia, the Beefwood of North Australia ; C. J)ecaisnea, a large species 

 of Central Australia ; and C. glauca, the widel}' distributed Desert She Oak. 



Australia trees and their timbers are described in J. E. Brown's Forest Resources of 

 South Australia, and in Sir F. von Mueller's Eucalyptographia. 



New Zealand. The climate of New Zealand is generally colder than that of Australia. 

 The mean temperature of the north island is 57, and that of the south island 52. At 

 Auckland, the mean temperature is 59, with a rainfall of 43 inches ; at Wellington 



