248 FORESTRY INVESTIGATIONS U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



puts (lie plantlet in the hole to the flat side; the dibble is thrust again into the ground 1 to li inehes 

 back- of the first hole somewhat slantingly toward the bottom, and pressed forward to fasten the 

 plant in its stand; then by irregular thrusts the last-made hole is obliterated. Two planters with 

 a boy, carrying the plants in a mixture of loam and water to keep the roots moist and also heavy 

 for better dropping, may set 5,000 plants in a day. 



INTRODUCTION OF EXOTICS WHITE PINE YIELDS. 



The valuable species of trees indigenous to Germany which are subject to special consideration 

 in forest management are but few. The most important forest-forming ones are 1 pine, 1 spruce, 

 1 fir, 1 larch, 1 oak, 1 beech, 1 alder. In addition we find of broad-leaved trees a blue beech, 1 

 ash, 3 kinds each of elm, maple, and poplar, in some parts a chestnut, and '2 kinds of birch and 

 linden, and several willows, together with some 8 or 10 kinds of minor importance, while of 

 conifers in certain regions 4 other species of pines are found. Some years ago the attention 

 of European foresters was forcibly turned to the richness of the American forest flora, and a 

 movement set in to introduce exotic tree species which might be more productive or show better 

 qualities than the native. Our white pine, a good-si/ed section of which was exhibited, had been 

 quite extensively planted in the beginning of this century, and these plantations, some 80 or 90 

 years old, are now coining into use. The quality of the wood, however, has not as yet found much 

 favor, but the quantity per acre exceeds that of any of the native species. Itecords are extant 

 which show, at 70 years of age, a yield of 14,000 cubic feet of wood containing about 70,000 feet 

 'of lumber B. M. per acre. 



On moderately good forest soil in Saxony a stand 78 years old contained over 400 trees per 

 acre, of which three-fourths were white pine, the rest spruce, larch, beech, and oak. Only 5 white 

 pine trees were under 70 feet high, the majority over 80. Notwithstanding the crowded position, 

 only 45 trees were under 8 inches diameter, the majority over 12 inches, the best 28 inches. The 

 total yield was 12,880 cubic feet of wood per acre, besides the proceeds of previous thinnings, The 

 rate of annual accretion in cubic feet of wood for white pine in the last years amounted to 2.5 per 

 cent of the total contents of the trees, or about 0.4 cubic foot per tree. Of the trunk wood at 

 least 90 per cent could be utilized for lumber, since the shape of these trunks was so nearly 

 cylindrical as to be equal in contents to one-half a perfect cylinder of the height and diameter of 

 the trees taken breast high. 



A stand 82 years old on poor land produced 12,500 cubic feet of wood, indicating an average 

 yield for the eighty-two years of 212 cubic feet of wood per annum, of which about 700 feet of 

 lumber B. M. could be calculated. On very poor soil and planted very thick without admixture 

 of hard woods it produced trees 24 feet high and 5 inches thick in twenty years; and on fairly 

 good soil trees 54 feet high, Hi inches thick, in thirty to thirty-five years, excelling in either case 

 the native spruce (P. cxcelsa) both in height and thickness. 



It is also of interest to mention in this connection that a plantation of about 7 acres in the city 

 forest of Frankfort on-the-Main during the eighteen years ending 1881 brought $115 rent per year 

 for the privilege of seed collecting alone: failing to produce seed only three out of the eighteen 

 years and yielding a maximum of $500 rent during one of the eighteen years; much of the seed 

 finding a market in the United States. 



Besides the white pine, the black locust has also for quite a long time found a home in the 

 plantations of Europe, but the species which are now propagated in large quantities, having after 

 trial shown superior advantages in behavior and growth, are our Pacific coast conifers, the Sitka 

 spruce, the Douglas spruce, the Lawsons cypress, and the Port Orford cedar, sections and photo- 

 graphs of which, grown in Germany, were exhibited, as well as of black walnut and hickory. These 

 trees are now used to plant into fail places or openings, in groups or single individuals, and are 

 especially prized for their soil-improving qualities and their rapid growth. 



The methods of management for natural reproduction are generally divided into three classes, 

 namely, the coppice, when reproduction is expected from the stumps; the standard coppice, when 

 part of the growth consists of sprouts from the stump and another part of seedling trees; and the 

 timber or high forest, when trees are grown to maturity and, unless harvested and replanted, 

 reproduction is effected entirely by natural sowing. 



