06 ON DRAINING. 



tlie receivmg--pipes are burnt in tliese cess-pools of tne proper 

 dimensions, and the hole for tlie discliarging or outfall-pipe 

 is made a little lower tlian the holes of the receiving-pipes, 

 so that a drip or fall from the former takes place, and the 

 run of water from each pipe is observable. I have converted 

 these cess-pools to another use, viz., that of enabhng- us to 

 introduce water into the body of the earth, and apply it to 

 what I have before termed sub-irrigation. All the drains of 

 a flat field may be made to issue from a cess-pool, into which 

 water from a higher level may be conducted. A cess-pool of 

 the same kind is also to be fixed at the outfall end of that 

 field, into which all the drains are conducted. Now, by 

 stopping up the outfall-pipe, and letting water into the infall 

 cess-pool, it is clear that all the pipes ramifying through a 

 field will become filled with water, and that they will dis- 

 seminate it gradually throughout the entire mass of earth 

 above the level of the drain-pipes, and to any desirable 

 height, as you will observe from the specimens before you, 

 that an outlet-pipe can be formed in the discharging cess-pool 

 at any required distance below the surface of the soil, or at 

 the surface. In this manner water may be given to the 

 roots of plants. I refer more particularly to the grasses ; 

 and when enough is given, the whole of the water may be 

 removed at will, and a perfect drainage be established. The 

 introduction of these cess-pools with pipes also enables us to 

 fill the higher parts of a field with water, which, suddenly 

 liberated, will scour out the lower drains, and prove their 

 condition of openness. The cess-pool is also useful when 

 placed close to an outfall into a stream or ditch, in which 

 the water backs up with floods. It may then be furnished 

 with a pipe and valve, here shown, which closes against the 

 rising' of the outfall water, and opens as the flood water falls, 

 letting out the drainage water. B}^ these simple means, the 

 sedimentary flood water is prevented from entering the 

 drain-pipes, which remain filled with the clear water of 

 drainage. In case of need, the receiving and discharging* 

 pipes may be luted into the cess-pools with Jeflery's marine 

 glue 5 but, in most cases, a ramming- round with clay will 

 suffice for the purpose, absolute tightness being rarely 

 necessai'y. 



These cess-pools, with the various pipes now exhibited, 

 have been made for me by Mr. J. M. Hoskison, of Wilnecote, 

 near Fazeley, Staffordshire. They are admirable specimens 

 of manufacture for truth and smoothness. 



