220 SYSTEM OF FARMING. 



entangling- fill the expenses of my farm. Please to remember 

 that i have the kindest landlord in the world, who saj^s, 

 '' You may ])ut up what building's you like, lay down what 

 drains you please, grub up what fences, cut down au}^ inter- 

 fering timbers." Now, I have made pretty free use of this 

 license, as you may see ; but, as the greatest proportion of 

 my drains, and most of my buildings, &c., are done by my 

 own constant labourers, I avow a great difficulty in arranging 

 these separate items, classifying them respectively under 

 " permanent improvements," on which only per-centage 

 should be charged, and the proper outgoings of a tenant. 

 For one portion of a labourer's day is, with me, given to 

 loading a cart ; the other half, perhaps, in making a tank, 

 or putting up a cow-shed. Still, 1 protest against the 

 notion, that a yearly tenant-farmer could, with prudence, 

 make such an outlay as I have made without the security of 

 a lease, or of some legal agreement. And yet, without the 

 improvements which this outlay implies — without these 

 buildings, tanks, drains, (fee, it is quite impossible that 

 many of the returns which I make can be effected. He 

 may, in many cases, grow the roots ; but, without sheds and 

 shelter, in such a climate as this, how will he make his roots 

 worth even 15,s\ a ton ? The most startling part in the 

 statement which I am about to make, is the high estimate 

 which I set upon my green crojis. I said, in the commence- 

 ment, that I did not think our climate favourable for the growth 

 of wheat ; and that, therefore, for that crop I think we need 

 a moderate amount of protection ; but in the matter of roots 

 we may def}" the world. There are many varieties of rota- 

 tion for the green crop year. On my wheat stubble of the 

 end of August, I may, as you have seen, raise a splendid 

 crop of stubble turnips, and then in the spring I can grow 

 carrots or wurzel with beans, or peas and Swedes ; or I may 

 sow early in September winter vetches, cut them in the 

 middle of May, when in flower, and make them into green 

 Imj ; and then secure, at least, 10 tons of Swedes per acre ; 

 or, if clover was sown with the wheat, and the clover is well 

 dunged in the winter, you can cut it twice, and then get an 

 excellent crop of turnips. This I did, even in the drought 

 of this season, on my hill farm ; or, instead of stubble 

 turnips, you may drill on the stubble ra])e, and, if well 

 manured, it will yield immensely at the end of April, when, 

 of course, you can get a full crop of Swedes. I take, then, 

 as the basis of ni}^ calculation, that the Swede, or mangel- 



