320 NATURAL INDICATIONS OF 



Creeping bent clay soils. 



Marsh bent damp and shady places. 



Tufted hair limit of elevation 1500 feet. 



Slender foxtail . . , . , black peat. 



Common quaking . . . o poor soils. 



Soft brome poor exhausted pastures. 



Sheep's fescue dry sandy soils. 



Wood fescue in damp woods. 



Woolly soft moist peaty pastures. 



Wild sainfoin barren chalk pastures. 



Timber trees flourish best on soils whicli are for — 



Sycamore sandy lightish. 



Maple deep sandy. 



Alder wet. 



Birch light, moist, and sandy. 



Hazel nut deep, sandy, moderately fertile. 



Beech calcareous. 



Ash deep, flourishes on the inferior oolite. 



Walnut dry loamy, rich. 



Larch thin, dry, and rocky. 



Poplar wet, boggy. 



Pine light, dry, and rocky. 



Elm deep rich loam. 



Of tlie ])lants whose chief occupancy of the g-round indi- 

 cate a fertile soil, are — 



Stinking May-weed, dandelion, fat hen, pale persicaria, cow-parsley, 

 sow-thistle, virgin's bower, chick-weed, goose-grass, nettle. 



The same presence of the following- grasses also indicate a 

 fertile soil : — 



The meadow fox-tail, meadow fescue, sweet-scented vernal, rye-grass, 

 meadow oat-grass, rough-stalked meadow, fiorin, perennial red clover, 

 crested dog's tail, white clover, cocksfoot, creeping vetch. 



Of aspects, a northern aspect is rather an indication of 

 barrenness, so is N.E. or N.W. ; pasture lands with these 

 aspects are the most subject to moss. S., S.E., or S.W., or 

 W., are very favourable aspects. A fertile inclination should 

 not exceed 160 degrees ; soils of a greater inclination are 

 thin, and near the rock or subsoil. 



Elevation. — 1500 feet may be considered as the limita- 

 tion of natiu-al fertility. Wheat seldom ripens at above 

 1000 feet. " High farming, however," adds Mr. Bravenden, 

 " embracing the best modes of cultivation, is found to ame- 

 liorate the severity of the climate, and to place us, as it 

 were, in well cultivated districts, several degrees nearer the 



