212 The Farmstead 



ough ventilation of the soil pipe at top and 

 bottom quite sufficient. The material of fix- 

 tures should be good (not extravagant), and the 

 workmanship should be of the very best. The 

 efficiency of any sanitary convenience depends 

 almost as much upon the care with which it is 

 put in as upon its material and style. But of 

 all the principles of sanitary plumbing, probably 

 the most important is frequent and thorough 

 flushing, if possible with hot water. Any fix- 

 ture will become foul and dangerous if there is 

 not water enough and under sufficient force to 

 scour it out thoroughly. 



Having laid down certain principles which 

 apply to plumbing fixtures generally, we may 

 now consider these fixtures more in detail. 

 Pipes should be rather heavy. Waste pipes are 

 generally too large, and therefore do not scour 

 well ; they need be only three to four inches in 

 diameter for one or more closets in an ordinary 

 house, and from -one to one and a-half inches 

 for washbowls, sinks, and tubs ; they should 

 always be of uniform size, i. e., "full-bore" 

 throughout. Soil pipes should never run level, 

 but as nearly as possible at a uniform slope of 

 not less than one foot in fifty. 



The kitchen sink may be of white porcelain, 

 enameled iron, painted iron, or granite ware, any 

 of which materials are serviceable and desir- 



