May io, 19 17] 



NATURE 



209 



be (a) that certain drugs must be considered as 

 of primary importance and be cultivated irrespec- 

 tive of market conditions ; (b) that with adequate 

 encourag'ement a herb industry could be created 

 that would exclude the importation of many 

 foreign medicinal herbs ; and (c) that, with the 

 exception possibly of digitalis and male fern, 

 cultivation is the only method by which this can 

 be ensured. 



There is much to be said for the patriotic atti- 

 tude of the National Herb Federation and for the 

 efforts it is. making to establish a home industry 

 on a sound basis. 



PROF. H. F. E. JUNGERSEN. 



BY the death of Prof. Jungersen, Copenhagen 

 has lost an outstanding citizen — both physi- 

 cally and mentally. Of a commanding figure and 

 fine presence, he was a marked man at scientific 

 gatherings at home and abroad, whilst his genial 

 and courteous bearing, as well as his knowledge 

 of English, made him especially welcome on this 

 side of the North Sea. 



Born in 1854, at Dejbjerg, in Jutland, son of 

 Dean Jungersen, Prof. Jungersen received his 

 early education at Odense, thence proceeding to 

 the University of Copenhagen, where he gradu- 

 ated as M.Sc. in 1877, Ph.D. in 1889, and 

 afterwards D.Sc. Throughout his career he was 

 deeply interested in the fauna of Greenland, and 

 he utilised his experiences in drawing up (1886, 

 1898, and 1904) accounts of the Danish expedi- 

 tions. Though not a voluminous author, his 

 researches on the Alcyonaria, Antipatharia, and 

 Madreporaria of Greenland and the northern 

 regions are important, and show scrupulous care 

 in references to the literature as well as the 

 synonymy of the subject. His memoir on the 

 structure and evolution of Pennatula phosphorea 

 in the Zeitschrift f. wiss. Zool. is also a note- 

 worthy contribution ; and ' still more his fascicle 

 on the Pennatulidse brought home by the Ingolf 

 expedition, that of the Diana in Iceland and the 

 Faroe Islands, the Norwegian expeditions, and 

 the productive voyages of Dr. Joh. Schmidt in 

 the Thor. His wide grasp of the subject and his 

 sound judgment are conspicuous in this careful 

 memoir, which is finely illustrated, and it is of 

 special importance from the extensive sea-terri- 

 tory it comprehended, viz. the polar sea between 

 Europe and Iceland, the sea to the west of Green- 

 land, the northern part of the Atlantic down to 

 55° lat. N., and to the meridian off Cape 

 Farewell. Another interesting contribution was 

 that on the development of the sexual organs in 

 the Teleosteans, and others on Ichthyotomy. 



Prof. Jungersen visited this country several 

 times, and on the occasion of the meeting of the 

 British Association in Dundee in September, 

 19 1 2, the University of St. Andrews con- 

 ferred on him the honorary degree of 

 LL.D. He was also a fellow of the Danish 

 Royal Academy, president of the Natural 

 History Society of Copenhagen, professor of 

 NO. 2480, VOL. 99] 



zoology and director of the Zoolc^ical Museum 

 in the University of Cop>enhagen, and a member 

 of other Danish and foreign societies. His latest 

 work was connected with the publication of th* 

 , results of the Ingolf expedition, and his death 

 ' at the comparatively early age of sixty-three will 

 be regretted by all interested in this task, as 

 well as for the loss to zoolc^' in general. 



In conclusion, if one observation of Prof. 

 Jungersen is more im{x>rtant than another, it is 

 his pjointing out the difference between the deep- 

 sea faunas north and south of the submarine 

 ridges between Greenland, Iceland, the Faroes, 

 and the Hebrides, a result due to the Danish 

 Ingolf expedition. W. C. M. 



SIR ARM AND RUFFER, C.M.G. 



''PHE tragic death of Sir Marc Armand RufFer 

 -*• will awaken, in the minds of many of his 

 contemporaries, memories of the early struggles 

 for the establishment of an Institute of Pre- 

 ventive Medicine in this country. It was largely 

 due to Sir Armand Ruffer's efforts that 

 the British Institute of Preventive Medicine, 

 which has now grown into the Lister 

 Institute, was founded and started in a 

 small way in Great Russell Street in 1893. 

 As its first dir-ector, he gave all his energy 

 to its proper establishment on the lines of the 

 Pasteur Institute, where he had previously 

 worked with Pasteur and Metchnikoff, both of 

 whom valued him very highly. In carrying out 

 the first important work done at the new institute, 

 namely, the production of diphtheria antitoxin, 

 he contracted diphtheria and nearly lost his life. 

 His health was so shattered by this very severe 

 attack that he had eventually to relinquish the 

 post of director, and went for a change to Egypt. 

 After a rest he decided to settle in Egypt, and 

 became professor of pathology in the Cairo 

 Medical School. He gathered men around him 

 and reorganised this post, which he gave up in 

 about two years upon being offered the important 

 position of president of the Sanitary, Maritime, 

 and Quarantine Council of Egypt. His know- 

 ledge of . both the sciences and languages con- 

 cerned, his tact, and his firmness enabled him to 

 fill this very difficult international post with great 

 distinction up to the time of his death. He again 

 reorganised the whole work of the department ; 

 he did himself, and superintended others in doing, 

 a great deal of research work connected with the 

 various diseases which the council had to guard 

 against; he built special pilgrim stations, which 

 are models of what such things should be, at Tor 

 and elsewhere on the pilgrim routes, and with 

 infinite skUl managed to bring the difficult and 

 mixed groups of pilgrims under the conditions of 

 proper quarantine, thereby keeping deadly 

 diseases not only out of Egypt, but also out of 

 Europe. At the outbreak of war he became head 

 of the Red Cross in Egypt, and he met his death 

 in returning from Greece, whither he had gone in 

 order to help and advance the Red Cross and 

 sanitary organisation there. 



