April io, 1919I 



NATURE 



103 



cially about Hood Bay, where the names Bula'a 

 and Hula are sugg^estive of Uhiwa, and of Pulu- 

 laha on the coast of Malaita. The New Guinea 

 ama, father, ma, eye, vio, hungry, mauu, sleep, 

 appear in Sa'a as ama, maa, hi'olo, and ma'uru, 

 and there are agreements in grammar as well as 

 in vocabulary. 



These are but two of the points which may 

 be raised by the purely linguistic portion of Dr. 

 Ivens's book. The other appendices deal in a 

 general way with Melanesian customs and with 

 the romantic history of the Melanesian mission 

 and the "yacht" cruises of its apostles Selwvn 

 and Patteson. There is a chapter on the "black- 

 birds " of the labour traffic, and also an account 

 of the Santa Cruz Islands, so tragic in geo- 

 graphical and missionary history. 



Dr. Ivens's book will be exceedingly useful to 

 students of Melanesian history and languages, 

 whilst the general reader will find in his sup- 

 plements a great deal of most interesting in- 

 formation about a region which, although so close 

 to the great southern commonwealth, is singu- 

 larly little known. Sidney H. Ray. 



OUR BOOKSHELF. 

 Evolution and the Doctrine of the Trinity. By 



the Rev. S. A. McDowall. Pp. xxvi + 258. 



(Cambridge : At the University Press, 1918.) 



Price 95. net. 

 In a previous volume, "Evolution and the Need 

 of Atonement," Mr. Stewart McDowall sought 

 to show the necessity for a teleological inter- 

 pretation of the evolution-process. He continues 

 his adventurous thinking, which is always 

 welcome, and his aim is to restate the doctrine of 

 the Trinity in terms that are consonant with 

 modern thought, or with certain lines of modern 

 thought. The truth of a doctrine does not stand 

 or fall, he says, with the terminology in which it 

 Is expressed, and he considers the doctrine of the 

 Trinity sub specie evolutionis , so to speak. 



Starting from a theistic position, recognising 

 the Being of God as the Ground of Reality, Mr. 

 McDowall thinks of the material universe as the 

 medium in which a certain definite purpose is 

 realised — namely, the development of personality. 

 This is a unique end which justifies the whole in 

 a way that the Giant Reptiles, for instance, did 

 not. According to our author, Man is in eternal 

 life already, and his nature and experience are the 

 same as God's, differing only in degree. The 

 psychologist divides the mind-states into cogni- 

 tion, affection, and conation ; the philosopher 

 tinalyses human personality into three constitu- 

 ents : will, intellect, and emotion ; the theologian 

 conceives God as Father, Son, and Spirit. What 

 IS true of the developing personality of man must 

 be a fortiori true of the developing personality of 

 God. Hence the evolutionary re-formulation of 

 the doctrine of the Trinity. 



Such with all the injustice of condensation is the 



author's central thesis. To the conventional 



physiologist who sums up man as mechanism, it 



Avill doubtless appear highly metaphorical, but he 



aO, 2580, VOL. 103] 



might be none the worse for carefully studying, for 

 instance, Mr. McDowall's very competent discus- 

 sion of Freudian psychology. We have much 

 doubt, however, whether the author really answers 

 his own question in regard to the whole evolution- 

 process : "Could the stages, even the human 

 stage, be passing time-phases in the development 

 of something far greater than we can even begin 

 to understand? " 



.4 Manual of Geometrical Crystallography. Treat- 

 ing solely of those Portions of the Subject 

 useful in the Identification of Minerals. By 

 Prof. G. Montague Butler. Pp. viii + 155. 

 (New York : John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ; lx)n- 

 don : Chapman and Hall, Ltd., 1918.) Price 

 75. net. 

 In this elementary text-book the information is 

 given mainly in the form of a series of definitions, 

 and is not easy to follow, even with some previous 

 knowledge of the subject. A beginner, especially 

 one attempting to work alone, would very likely 

 soon become hop>elessly confused. The book is, 

 however, no doubt intended for the author's own 

 students in the University of Arizona. The vari- 

 ous hemihedral and tetartohedral "divisions" of 

 each system are developed by the older method 

 of suppression of certain faces or groups of faces 

 of the holohedral form, and little use is made of 

 the more important ideas of symmetry. The 

 number of the planes of symmetry appertaining 

 to each division is, however, clearly stated ; but 

 reference to axes of symmetry is omitted, except 

 in the incorrect definition: "A symmetry axis is 

 a line or' direction perpendicular to a symmetry 

 plane and passing through the centre of the 

 object." Another definition runs: "A hemi- 

 morphic crystal is one in which the law of axes is 

 violated"; and such crystals are disposed of in 

 some other division. Including hemimorphic 

 crystals, twenty-two of the thirty-two possible 

 crystal-classes are dealt with, but, since for some 

 of them there are no examples amongst minerals, 

 the statement on the title-page is rather beside 

 the point. Precise instructions for "orienting 

 crystals " are repeated under each crystal-class, 

 but, strange to say, few of the text-figures are 

 set quite straight on the page. By an unfortunate 

 error the title of the book appears on the cover as 

 " Geometrical Chrystallography. ' ' 



Highways and Byways in Northamptonshire and 

 Rutland. By Herbert A. Evans. With illus- 

 trations by Frederick L. Griggs. Pp. xvi + 367 

 + map. (London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 

 1918.) Price 65. net. 

 Pkrhaps no two counties in England have pre- 

 served their old-world charm so well as Northamp- 

 tonshire and Rutland. A great deal of the daily 

 traffic between London and the industrial North 

 and between London and Scotland passes through 

 them without leaving any impress upon their 

 placid existence. Industry has not supplanted 

 agriculture in these two counties; they still retain 

 the characteristics of England of a century or two 

 ago. Mr. Evans has not aimed at writing a guide- 



