PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING. 173 



Cross-Bred refers to animals produced by breeding 

 together distinct breeds; for example, the offspring from 

 the breeding together of pure-bred Shorthorn and Jersey 

 cattle, or of pure-bred Berkshire and Chester white swine, 

 are cross-breeds. 



Grades are the product of a cross between a pure- 

 bred and a native. The offspring of a pure-bred Jersey 

 sire and a cow of no fixed type is a " grade " Jersey ; while 

 a " high-grade " animal is one in which the blood of a pure 

 breed is in excess. The offspring of a " pure-bred " Jersey 

 and a " grade " Jersey is a " high-grade." 



In-and-in Breeding means mating animals that are 

 closely related to one another. This method, as practised 

 by various breeders, differs both in respect to the degree 

 of relationship, and to the continuation of the practice. 

 Authorities have defined the term as applying " only to 

 animals of precisely the same blood, as own brother and 

 sister," and also as " pairing of relations within the degree 

 of second cousins twice or more in succession." 



In-and-in breeding, carefully followed, permits the rapid 

 establishment of a uniform breed ; if carried too far it is 

 likely to be accompanied by a loss in size and constitu- 

 tional vigor, though the method is followed to a greater 

 or less extent by all breeders. 



Pedigree is the record or statement of the ancestors 

 of an animal, and is usually registered only in the case of 

 pure breeds ; it is useful as a guide in tracing inherited 

 qualities. It is the custom when a distinct breed has been 

 established to issue a herd or flock book. The methods of 

 recording, and the rules governing the registry of pedigrees, 

 are adopted by the various Breeders' Associations ; and 



