168 GORGES AND RAVINES. 



prior to the formation of the lake-basin there was no 

 receptacle for the deposition of the debris denuded 

 out of the valleys ; even if we quite ignore that one 

 process would take ages for its accomplishment, while 

 the other would require a comparatively short space 

 of time. 



In one of the "Memoirs of the Geological Survey 

 of India," Mr A. B. Wynne, F.G.S., gives a map and 

 description of Mount Sirban, in the Upper Punjaub. 

 The hill is thus described : u It has an elevation of 

 6243 feet, with an elongated oval base, is entirely 

 isolated from the surrounding hills by deep narrow 

 glens, and is penetrated by steep-sided ravines, 

 radiating from the summit. Its form is massive, 

 and its outline heavy, presenting convex curves to 

 the northward, suddenly interrupted by precipices, 

 which, facing to the southward, extend along its 

 crest, and send rugged broken spurs into the valley 

 below." Wynne seems to have been principally 

 employed in determining the age of the different 

 rocks entering into the structure of the mountains, 

 yet he ascertained that the principal " passes or 

 valleys " coincided with lines of fault, and in his 

 sketch-sections the relations between the features of 

 the hills and the lines of breaks are most evident. 

 Also, Mr J. 0. Ward, F.G.S., an extreme subserialist, 

 has to allow when describing the scenery of the Lake 

 District, England, that " lines of faults are often 



