268 THE WORLD. 



much changed as though it had been exposed to common influ- 

 ences a thousand years^and over 100,000 persons were destroyed. 

 The movement of the ground was not only horizontal, but vor- 

 ticose, at some places. This was shown by the partial turning of 

 the stones of two obelisks at the convent of St. Bruno, in the 

 small town called Stefano del Bosco, as exhibited in the wood cut 

 below. The position of the stones was changed nine inches 

 without their falling. 



The most destructive and tremendous earthquake on record, is 

 that which overthrew Lisbon in 1775. The first shock was on 

 the morning of November 1st, about half past nine, when, with- 

 out any other warning than a noise like thunder, heard under- 

 ground, the foundations of this ill-fated city were violently sha- 

 ken, and many of the principal edifices fell to the ground in an 

 instant. Then with scarcely a perceptible pause, the rumbling 

 noise changed into a quick rattling sound, resembling that of a 

 wagon driven violently over the stones, this shock threw down 

 every house, church, convent, and public building; overwhelm- 

 ing the miserable population with the ruins; it continued about 

 six minutes. It is said by those who witnessed the effects of this 

 earthquake, that the bed of the river Tagus appeared dry in 

 many places, and boats sailing on the river were struck violently 



