VI THE PALATE AND PHARYNX 229 



bunch of grapes, whence glands of this type are called 

 raceiyiose. 



4. Mastication and Swallowing.— The cavity of the 

 mouth is a cliamljer with a fixed roof, formed by the 

 hard palate (Fig. 69, I), and with a movable floor, 

 constituted bj' the lower jaw, and the tongue (A), which 

 fills up the space between the two branches of the jaw. 

 Arching round the margins of the upper and the lower 

 jaws are the thirty-two teeth, sixteen above and sixteen 

 below, and external to these, the closure of the cavity of 

 the mouth is completed by the cheeks at the sides, and 

 by the lips in front. 



WTien the mouth is shut the back of the ix)ngu3 comes 

 into close contact with the palate ; and, ^hers che hard 

 palate ends, the communication betweer the mouth and 

 the back of the throat is still further 'inpeded by a sort of 

 fleshy curtain— the soft palate c:., velum— the middle 

 of which is produced into a prolongation the uvula (/), 

 while its sides, skirting the sides of the passage, or 

 fauces, form double muscular pillars, which are termed 

 the pillars of the fauces. Between these the tonsils are 

 situated, one on each side. 



The velum with its uvula comes into contact below with 

 the upper part of the back of the tongue, and with a sort 

 of gristly, lid-like process connected with its base, the 

 epiglottis (e). 



Behind the partition thus formed lies the cavity of the 

 pharynx, which may be described as a funnel-shaped 

 bag witli muscular walls, the upper margins of the slanting, 

 wide end of which are attached to the base of the skull, 



B. The same, with only one layer of cells, a, and 6, the so-called basement 

 membrane between the epithelium o, and dermis c. 



1. A simple tubular gland. 



2. A tubular gland bifid at its base. In this and succeeding figures the 



blood-vessels are omitted. 



3. A simple saccular gland. 



4. A divided saccular gland, with a duct, d. 



5. A similar gland still more divided. 



6. A racemose gland part only being drawn. 



