778 



Popular Science Monthly 



drawn at right angles to the center line, 

 starting at the four equal division points. 

 Develop the pattern for these sections in 

 the usual manner, using "radial lines" as 

 described before. Briefly the steps are: 

 Draw the one-half bottom view, divide 

 into four equal parts, project lines from 

 these points to base lines then to apex, 

 strike arc for pattern, get correct length 

 by stepping off eight spaces from bottom 

 view, from where the lines from the base 

 to the apex cross the miter lines, draw 

 lines at right angles over to side of cone 

 to get the true lengths, swing these points 

 over to the pattern until they cross the 

 same numbered lines on the pattern, make 

 a cross where these lines cross, connect 

 crosses with free hand curves, and pattern 

 will be complete. The drawing H shows 

 the proportions of the finished elbow. 



The illustration Fig. 4 shows another 

 90-deg. reducer elbow, which is often used 

 for a ventilator. The details of this de- 

 velopment will not be given as they have 

 already been explained many times in 

 this series. The reason for giving this 

 problem was to illustrate a new and in- 

 teresting method. When drawing this 

 reducer, great care must be taken to have 

 the joint at 45 deg. to the center line of 

 the pipe and of the cone. To do this, 

 draw a circle equal to the diameter of the 

 pipe and then draw the cone so that both 

 its outside lines are tangent to the circle 

 as shown in the drawing. This will bring 

 the outside lines of both cone and pipe 

 just touching the circle, as shown in the 

 drawing. The pattern for the pipe is 

 developed by means of parallel lines, the 

 pattern for the cone by means of radial 

 lines. 



Do Not Use Fuel Savers. Regulate 

 Your Dampers Instead 



AN old fireman says, "Not one person 

 . in ten operates the draughts of his 

 furnace properly or handles his coal to 

 good advantage." It will be found that 

 the coal savers, of which there are many, 

 are accompanied with a set of rules, which, 

 if observed, without using the saver, 

 would go a long way toward conserving 

 fuel. Do not spend money on these 

 chemical compounds. The most sensible 

 practice is to sprinkle the coal with water 

 before throwing it upon the fire. 



Bracing for Belt Guard to Cover 

 Floor Countershaft 



A BELT guard frame to cover a floor 

 countershaft was built of pipe and 

 fittings, with wire cloth stretched over 

 them. This caused the two parts to be 



staple 

 clip or yoKe-*fQ 



A guard frame of pipe and fittings placed 

 over a countershaft attached to the floor 



pulled together at the top. The braces to 

 hold the upper parts at the right distance 

 from one another were made of flat iron, 

 1 ^ in. wide and ^-^ in. thick with U-bolts 

 to clamp around the pipes. 



This method of guarding belts is 

 excellent as it affords a clear view of the 

 machines, while the flanges permit the 

 whole frame to be unbolted and un- 

 screened quickly when necessary. — James 

 M. Kane. 



Carrots Used as a Substitute for 

 Eggs in Puddings 



IN these days of high prices, anything 

 that can be used as a substitute, and 

 give good results at the same time, will 

 be a welcome addition in helping to keep 

 down the high cost of living. Boiled 

 carrots, when properly treated, form an 

 excellent substitute for eggs in puddings, 

 etc. Boil the carrots until they are tender 

 and nearly ready to fall apart; drain care- 

 fully, and mash and press through a 

 coarse cloth or strainer. The pulp is then 

 introduced among the other ingredients of 

 the pudding and the eggs totally omitted. 

 Puddings made in this manner are lighter 

 than where eggs are used, and are more 

 palatable. The carrots also impart a fine 

 yellow color to the pudding so that nobody 

 can tell whether eggs were used or not. 



