CAKDUACEAE. 409 



Class 2. GYMNOSPERMAE. 



Ovules (macrosporanges) naked, not enclosed in an ovary, this 

 represented by a scale or apparently wanting. Pollen-grains (mi- 

 crospores) dividing at maturity into two or more cells, one of which 

 gives rise to the pollen-tube (male prothallium), which directly fer- 

 tilizes an archegone of the nutritive endosperm (female prothal- 

 lium) in the ovule. 



Branching trees or shrubs, with scale-like, flat or needle-shaped leaves ; embryo not 

 spirally prolonged. Order 1, Pixales. 



Simple-stemmed woody plants with large compound leaves 



in a crown ; embryo spirally prolonged. Order 2. Cycadales. 



Widely branching trees with simple petioled fan-shaped 



leaves, the fruit a drupe. Order 3. Ginkgoales. 



Order 1. FINALES. 



Trees, or rarely shrubs, growing from both terminal and lateral buds, 

 thus freely branching, the trunks mostly excurrent. Leaves scale-like, 

 linear or needle-like, sometimes fascicled. Flowers mostly monoecious. 

 Fruit a cone, with woody or fleshy scales, or drupaceous. 



Fruit a cone, sometimes berry-like. Fam. 1. Pixaceae. 



Fruit mostly a drupe. Fam, 2. Taxaceae. 



Family 1. PINACEAE Lindl. 



Pine FAMn^Y. Conifers. 



Eesinous trees or shrubs, mostly with evergreen narrow entire or scale- 

 like leaves, the wood uniform in texture, without tracheae, the tracheids 

 marked by large depressed disks, the pollen-sacs and ovules born in sep- 

 arate spikes (aments). Perianth none. Stamens several together; fila- 

 ments more or less united; pollen-sacs (anthers) 2-several-celled, variously 

 dehiscent ; pollen-grains often provided with two lateral inflated sacs. 

 Ovules with two integuments, orthotropous or amphitropous, borne soli- 

 tary or several together on the surface of a scale, which is subtended by a 

 bract in most genera. Fruit a cone with numerous, several or few, woody, 

 papery or fleshy scales, sometimes berry-like. Endosperm copious. Em- 

 bryo straight, slender. Cotyledons 2 or several. About 25 genera and 

 250 species of wide distribution, most abundant in temperate regions. 



1. JUNIPERUS L. 



Evergreen trees or shrubs with opposite or verticillate, acicular, subulate 

 or scale-like, sessile leaves, commonly of 2 kinds, and dioecious or sometimes 

 monoecious, small globose axillary or terminal aments. Leaf-buds naked. 

 Staminate aments oblong or ovoid ; anthers 2-6-celled, each sac 2-valved, 

 Ovule-bearing aments of a few opposite somewhat fleshy scales, or these rarely 

 verticillate in 3 's, each bearing a single erect ovule or rarely 2. Cones globose, 

 berry-like by the coalescence of the fleshy scales, containing 1-6 wingless bony 

 seeds. [Name Celtic] About 40 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, 

 some of them extending into tropical regions. Type species: Juniperus 

 communis L. 



