42 HISTORY OF THE HUMAN BODY 



The date of Man's appearance on the earth has been pushed 

 back many thousands of years beyond what was formerly be- 

 lieved to be possible, and this has been absolutely proven by 

 the most indisputable facts. Crania of the present human type 

 have been discovered in Europe in association with the re- 

 mains of such extinct forms as the cave-bear and the hairy 

 mammuth, and numerous carvings and incised drawings have 

 been discovered in which the latter animal has been por- 

 trayed by an eye-witness and with much artistic ability. This 

 brings the present species, Homo sapiens, with proportions 

 like that of the modern European, back to the end of the last 

 glacial epoch, or, as some think, to a time contemporary 

 with it. 



Aside from this, there have also been found, dating from 

 about the same period, remains of men, or man-like creatures, 

 of proportions unknown at the present time and constituting 

 a distinct species, Homo primigenius (H. neanderthalensis) . 

 Such remains have been found at Spy in Belgium, in the 

 Neanderthal near Diisseldorf, at Cannstadt in Prussia, in 

 the bed of the river Liane near Boulogne-sur-mer, and in 

 other localities, the specimens all closely corresponding to one 

 another and equally unlike the present living species. The 

 forehead and cranium of the " Neanderthal man," as seen 

 from these specimens, was extremely low and flat, and the 

 superciliary ridges above the eyes were so heavy and promi- 

 nent that they formed together a pair of projecting arches 

 hung over the deep-set eyes. There was almost no chin. The 

 height was that of a rather small man; the arms were not 

 excessively long, but the thigh-bones were permanently curved 

 and the tibiae were short, so that an absolutely erect position 

 was impossible. In spite of the general ape-like appearance 

 and the low character of the cranium, the actual capacity of 

 the latter was about that of a modern Australian, and the 

 presence of flint implements in association with the remains 

 show that this species could lay claim to being termed a man 

 although of a distinct type from the one that has survived. 



The fossil remains of an animal, in many respects pre- 



