THE TRUMMA. 493 



way, G, Fig. 4, which is of boards and about three feet in 

 height by two and a half in breadth. This is absolutely 

 needful, for if the pit-fall was open at the sides or above, the 

 wolf would either leap clean over it, or to the right or left, 

 and thus effect his escape. The Trumma has also the good 

 effect of preventing the snow from accumulating on the 

 Gran-ris so as to depress them. 



When now the wolf is imprisoned in the Varg-gard, and 

 endeavours to escape through the Trumma, the Gran-ris 

 gives way under his weight ; but as soon as he is engulphed, 

 it rises again like a spring, and the aperture is as imper- 

 ceptible as before. If, therefore, other beasts be within the 

 enclosure, and attempt to escape the same way, they do not 

 perceive the danger until too late to avoid it. But if, instead 

 of Gran-ris, the aperture was as usual to be covered with 

 straw, which would naturally give way altogether on pressure 

 from above, it would never happen that more than one beast 

 would attempt to escape by that outlet. 



The gate by which carrion is introduced into the Varg- 

 gard ought to be situated in a dense brake, or otherwise 

 concealed with Gran-ris, &c. 



The carcases of horses are usually exposed as lure, one of 

 which should be deposited outside of the Varg-gard, in the 

 early part of the autumn. Denuded bones of animals are 

 also to be scattered here and there in the vicinity. Crows, 

 ravens, &c. should never be in any way disturbed. The 

 introduction of living animals within the enclosure, has a 

 very beneficial effect; as, for example, to allow hogs, 

 sheep, pigs, &c., to wander about it, for the trail and 

 the scent left by them encourage wild beasts to approach 

 boldly. Goats, as being less affected by cold, and by 



