viii Contents 



CHAPTER VI 



PS* 

 Physiology of Animals ........ j/ 



The Problem of Physiology Ancient Physiology Aristotle Galen 

 Mediceval Physiology Harvey Physiology comes of age as a Specialism: 

 Haller Physiology becomes Comparative: Mailer Advance of Com- 

 parative Physiology Chemical Aspects Physical Aspects Du Bois- 

 Reymond Experimental Physiology The Study of Internal Secretions 

 Analysis of Nervous Mechanism Cellular Physiology The Proto- 

 plasmic Movement Pathology Reproduction in Animals. 



CHAPTER VII 

 Physiology of Plants ------- - 69 



Empirical Stage Influence from Animal Physiology Nutrition in 

 Plants Movement and Feeling in Plants Sachs Reproduction in 

 Plants Ancient Conjectures as to Sexuality of Plants Camerarius 

 KxlreuterSprengelThe Act of Fertilization Sexuality of Crypto- 

 gams Experiments on Sex and Reproduction. 



CHAPTER VIII 

 The Conditions of Life and Death 82 



Three Periods of Opinion The Organism and the Inorganic World 

 The Quick and the Dead Characteristics of Living Organisms " Vital 

 Force" The Kinds of Death Organic Immortality General Con- 

 ditions of Life Origin of Life Ancient Belief in Spontaneous Gener- 

 ation Mediaeval Beliefs RedVs Experiments Slow Death *f the 

 Theory of Spontaneous Generation Pouchet and Pasteur Tyndall 

 The Fact of Biogenesis Opinions as to the Origin of Life upon the 

 Earth. 



CHAPTER IX 

 Cell and Protoplasm 101 



The Early MicroscopistsBichafs step The Cell-theory Corroboration 

 of the Cell-theory Criticism of the Cell-theory Modern Analysis of the 

 Cell Cell-division The Cell-cycle Structure of the Cell-substance 

 Protoplasm Anabolism and Katabolism Conception of Ultimate 

 Vital Organization. 



CHAPTER X 

 Embryology - 117 



The Scope of Embryology Ancient Embryology Harvey Bonnet and 

 the Preformationists Wolff and Epigenesis Von Baer Alternations 

 of Generations Influence of the Cell- theory Nature of the Ovum 

 Nature of the Spermatozoon Fertilization Maturation The Mode of 



( M 523 ) 



