SCIENCE AND PROGRESS 



mode in which its functions are carried forward. 

 To this end vivisection was authorized not only 

 upon animals but upon criminals condemned to 

 death. Almost every branch of modern medicine 

 obstetrics, physiology, materia medica, and the 

 like was taught. The great temple of Serapis 

 was used for a hospital, students being admitted to 

 the bedside of the sick, just as in the present day. 



It was at Alexandria, again, where lived Manetho, 

 the annalist. Unlike the others, he was not a 

 Greek ; he was an Eygptian and a priest. It was his 

 work which unlocked to foreigners the ancient his- 

 tory of his land. That chronicle, perverted, cor- 

 rupted, and all but destroyed by the bishop Euse- 

 bius and his successors, in their fantastic efforts to 

 bolster the Old Testament traditions, would have 

 been of priceless value in confirming and illumi- 

 nating the records of the tombs and monuments 

 which in our own time have formed the materials 

 for the study of Egyptology. 



Here at Alexandria, too, lived Ctesibius, who 

 laid the foundations of hydro-mechanics and was 

 famous for the number and ingenuity of the hydrau- 

 lic and pneumatic machines that he devised the 

 siphon, the ordinary hand fire-engine, and our com- 

 mon force-pump may be instanced. It was here 

 that his pupil Hero, or Heron, another of the pro- 

 fessors at the museum, invented the steam-engine. 



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