264 TEXT-BOOK OF ENTOMOLOGY 



Exner, S. Die Physiologie der fazettierten Augen von Krebsen und Insekten, 



7 Taf., 1, Lichtdruck u. 23 Holzschn. pp. 206. Wien, F. Deuticke, 1891. 

 Lubbock. John. On the senses, instincts, and intelligence of animals, with 



special reference to insects. London, 1888, pp. 292. 

 Mallock, A. Insect sight and the defining power of composite eyes. (Proc. 



Roy. Soc., London, 1894, Iv, pp. 85-90, 3 Figs.) Ziinmer (Zeits. Zool. 1898). 



Hesse, Radikorzen. 



b. The color-sense 



Nussli, J. Ueber den Farbensinn der Bienen. (Schweiz. Bienenzeitung, N. F., 



ii Jahrg., 1879, pp. 238-240.) 

 Kramer. Der Farbensinn der Bienen. (Ibid., iii Jahrg., 1880, pp. 179- 



198.) 

 Gross, Wilhelm. Ueber den Farbensinn der Tiere, insbesondere der Insekten. 



(Isis v. Russ., v Jahrg., 1880, pp. 292-294, 300-302, 308-309.) 

 Lubbock, John. Ants, bees, and wasps. London, 1882, pp. 448. Also On the 



senses, etc., of animals, 1889. 

 Graber, Vitus. Grundlinien zur Erforschung des Helligkeits- und Farbensinnes 



der Tiere. Prag u. Leipzig, 1884, pp. 322. (See also p. 262.) 

 Forel, Auguste. Les Founnis percoisent-elles 1' ultra-violet avec leurs yeux ou 



avec leur peau ? (Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. Geneve, 1886, 3 se"r., xvi, pp. 



346-350. ) 

 Also the works of Darwin, Wallace, F. Miiller, Grant Allen's The Color Sense 



(1879), Beddard's Animal Coloration, etc. 



b. The organs of smell 



The seat of the organs of smell is mainly in the antennae, and they 

 may be regarded as the principal olfactory organs. For our present 

 knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the olfactory organs 

 of insects we are mainly indebted to the recent investigations of 

 Hauser and of Kraepelin. The following historical and critical 

 remarks are translated from Kraepelin's able treatise : 



Historical sketch of our knowledge of the organs of smell. In the first half 

 of the last century began the inquiries as to the seat of the sense of smell in the 

 arthropods. Thus Reaumur, in his Me"moires (i, p. 283 ; n, 224), expressed 

 the view that in the antennae was situated a special organ which might be an 

 organ of smell. 



Lesser, Roesel, Lyonet, Bonnet, and others expressed the same opinion. 

 Before this Sulzer suggested that an "unknown sense" might exist in the 

 antennae ; others regarded the stigmata as organs of smell, as these were con- 

 sidered the natural passages for the olfactory currents. Dume'ril, in two special 

 treatises as well as in his Considerations ge"ne"rales, sought to prove the theory 

 as to the seat of the organs of smell in the stigma t;i. 



Against both of these leading views as to the seat of the sense of smell were 

 expressed, in the last century, different opinions. Thus Comparetti thought 

 that the sense of smell might be localized in very different points of the head. 

 in the antennal club of lamellicoms, in the sucking-tube of Lepidoptera, in 



