284 TEXT-BOOK OF ENTOMOLOGY 



In a large cockroach (Blabera) from Cuba they are well developed. On each 

 side of the middle of the epipharynx is a curved row of stiff, defensive spines, 

 and at the distal end of each row is a sensory field, containing 20 taste-cups on 

 one side and 23 on the other. Near the front edge of the clypeal region are 

 two more sensory fields, situated on each side of the median line, there being 

 35 taste-cups in each field. The taste-cups in this form are rather smaller than 

 usual in the order. 



In the Acrydiidse they are more numerous than in the Blattidae. For ex- 

 ample, in Camnula pellucida, near what corresponds to the front edge of the 

 clypeus are two gustatory fields, each bearing about 35 taste-pits. Just in 

 front, under the clypeo-labral suture, are two similar fields, each containing 

 from 40 to 42 taste-pits. There are none in front of these. There are thus 

 about 140-150 sense-cups in all. 



The members of the Locustidae (Fig. 26) appear to be better provided with 

 the organs of taste than any other Orthoptera, those of the katydid numbering 

 from 170 to 180. There are from 50 to 60 taste-cups in the front region ; behind 

 the middle a group of 25 on each side, and over an area corresponding to the 

 base of the labrum and front edge of the clypeus is a sensory field with about 

 70 taste-cups on each side. They are true cups or beaker-like papillae, some 

 with a fine, others with a short, stout, conical seta. 



The gustatory organs in the cave cricket (Haden&cus subterranetis, Fig. 27), 

 from Mammoth Cave, are highly developed, being rounded papillae with the 

 nucleus at the top or end. They are grouped on each side of the middle near 

 the front edge, there being 25 on each side. An irregular row of these beaker- 

 like organs extends along each side ; some occur under the base of the labrum, 

 but they are most numerous in a field corresponding to the front edge of the 

 clypeus, there being 50 on each side, or 100 in all, where in Ceuthophilus there 

 are only 9 or 10. It would thus appear as if the sense of taste were much 

 more acute in the cave-dweller than in the out-of-doors form. 



In the Coleoptera taste-cups and setse are very generally distributed, though 

 we were unable to detect them in Dendroctonus or in Lucanus dama. As seen 

 in Fig. 57, we have observed numerous taste-pegs along the maxilla of \<'niu- 

 gnatha lurida, but otherwise taste-organs have only been detected in the epi- 

 pharynx. They not only occur in the adult beetles, but we have found them in 

 the larvae of cerambycid, scarabseid, and other beetles. In the adults taste- 

 cups appear to be about as well developed in the carnivorous forms (Carabidae) 

 as in the phytophagous or lignivorous groups. 



In Chlcenius tomentosns there are about half as many of these organs as in 

 Harpalus, while in Calosoma there are 90 taste-cups, 45 on each side, under the 

 base of the labrum. The cups are papilliform, being rather high, with a seta 

 arising from each. 



In the Ciciudelidae, the epipharynx bears a sensory field quite different from 

 that of the Carabidae. There are no normal taste-cups, except a few situated 

 on two large, round, raised areas which are guarded in front by a few very long 

 setae. On the surface of each area are numerous very long setse which may. if 

 not tactile, have some other sense, as they arise from cup-like bases or cells. 

 Those on the outside are like true taste-cups, with a bristle but little larger 

 than normal in taste-cups generally. We are disposed to regard this sensory 

 field as a highly specialized gustatory apparatus. 



In the Dyticidae the taste-cups are nearly as described in the Carabidae. 



The Staphylinidse are not well provided with taste-organs. I'nder the clypeus 

 of Staphylinus violac?ns, on each side near the middle, is a bare rounded area. 

 in which are situated 4 or 5 papilliform taste-cups,, and at the base behind them 



