THE POISON-GLANDS 357 



Cholodkowsky, N. Sur les vaisseaux de Malpighi chez les Le"pidopteres. 

 (Compt. rend. Acad. d. Sc., Paris, xcix, 1884, pp. 631-633.) 



Sur la morphologie de 1'appareil urinaire des Le'pidopteres. (Archives de 



Biologie, 1887, vi, pp. 497-514, 1 PI.) 



Loman, J. C. C. Ueber die morphologische Bedeutung der sogenannten Mal- 



pighischen Gefasse der echten Spinnen. (Tijdschr. Nederl. Dierk. Ver. (2) 



Deel 1, 1887, pp. 109-113, 4 Fig.) 

 Marchal, P. Contribution a Te'tude de la de"sassimilation de 1'azote. L'acide 



urique et la fonction rgnale chez les Inverte'bre's. (M6rn. Soc. Zool. de 



France, 1889, iii, pp. 42-57.) 

 Kowalewsky, A. 0. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Exkretionsorgane. (Biol. 



Centralbl., ix, 1889-90, pp. 33-47, 65-76, 127-128.) 



Sur les organes excrSteurs chez les arthropodes terrestres. (Congres in- 

 ternational de Zool., 2 me Session a Moscou, 1892, Ft. I, pp. 186-235, 4 Pis.) 



Griffiths, A. B. On the Malpighian tubules of Libellula depressa. (Proc. Roy. 



Soc., Edinburgh, 1889, xv, pp. 401-403, Figs.) 

 Grandis, V. Sulle modificazioni degli epitelii ghiandolari durante la secrezione. 



(Atti Accad. Torino, 1890, xxv, pp. 765-789, 1 PI. ; Archiv Ital. Biol., 



1890, xiv, pp. 160-182, 1 PI.) 

 Koulaguine, N. Notice pour servire a 1'histoire du developpeinent des hyme'n- 



opteres parasites. (Congres internal, de Zool., 2 me Session a Moscou, 1892, 



Pt. I, pp. 253-277.) 

 Sograff, Nicolas. Note sur 1'origine et les parente"s des Arthropodes, principale- 



ment des Arthropodes tracheates. (Congres iuternat. de Zool., 2 nie Session 



a Moscou, 1892, Pt. I, pp. 278-302.) 

 Giard, Alfred. (Note on the urinary tubes of larval Cecidomyia. Annals Ent. 



Soc., France, Ixii, 1893, pp. Ixxx-lxxxiv, 1 Fig.) 

 Wheeler, William M. The primitive number of Malpighian vessels in insects. 



(Psyche, vi, May-December, 1893, Parts 1-6, pp. 457-460, 485-486, 497-498, 



509-510, 539-541, 545-547, 561-564.) 

 Metalnikoff, C. K. Organes excrfiteurs des insectes. (Bull. Acad. imp. Sci. 



St. Petersbourg, 1896, iv, pp. 57-72, in Russian, 1 PI. ) 

 See also the works of Straus-Durckheim, Will (Miiller's Archiv. 1848, p. 502), 



Brugnatelli, Leidy, Dufour, Ramdohr, Basch, Davy, Grassi, Minot, Berlese, 



Adlerz, Marchal (Bull. Ent. Soc. France, 1896, p. 257); Bordas (Appareil 



glandulaire des Hyme'nopteres, 1894), also C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 1897. 



e. Poison-glands 



Poison-glands are mainly confined to the stinging Hymenoptera, 

 i.e. certain ants, and the wasps and bees, but also occur in the mos- 

 quito, while many, if not most bugs, seem to instil a drop of poison 

 into the punctured wounds they make. 



In the honey and other bees the poison apparatus consists of two 

 poison-glands whose secretion passes by a single more or less con- 

 voluted efferential duct into the large poison-sac, and thence by 

 the excretory duct, which is enlarged at the base of the sting (Figs. 

 194, 195), out through the sting by the same passage as the eggs. 

 According to Car let, the poison apparatus of bees consists of two 

 kinds of glandular organs, of which one kind secretes a feebly 



