616 TEXT-BOOK OF ENTOMOLOGY 



In Campodea there is a single fragmentary moult (Grassi), while 

 the Collembola (Macrotoma plumbea) shed their skin throughout 

 life. (Sommer.) 



In the winged insects, especially Lepidoptera, the number of 

 moults is dependent on climate. Insects of wide distribution grow- 

 ing faster in warmer climates consequently shed their skins oftener ; 

 for example, the same species may moult once oftener in the southern 

 than in the northern States, as in the case of Callosamia promethea, 

 which in West Virgina is double-brooded. Hibernating larvae moult 

 once oftener than those of the summer brood. (W. H. Edwards.) 

 Weniger by rearing the larvae of Anthercea mylitta and Eades im- 

 perialis, and which, when reared under normal conditions, actually 

 have six stages, found that when reared in a warm moist atmosphere 

 of about 25 C. they have but five stages, i.e. moult but four times. In 

 the hot and moist climate of Ceylon, A. mylitta has but five stages. 

 (Psyche, v, p. 28.) 



Among Orthoptera Acrydians moult five times ; Diapheromera 

 femorata but twice (Riley) ; a katydid (Microcentrum retinervis) 

 moults four times (Comstock). Mantis religiosa, according to Pagen- 

 stecher, moults seven times, having eight stages, including that be- 

 fore the amnion is cast, but the first " moult" being an exuviation 

 of the amnion, the number of stages is seven. Cockroaches (Peri- 

 planeta americana) are said by Marlatt to " pass through a variable 

 number of moults, there being sometimes as many as seven." 



In the Homoptera there are, in general, from two to four moults ; 

 thus in Typhlocyba there are five stages, and in Aphis at least three, 

 and in Psylla four during the nymphal state. Psocus has four. 

 Riley states that the nymph of the female coccid, Icerya purchasi, 

 sheds its skin three times, and that of the male twice. Notwith- 

 standing its slow growth, Eiley says, the 17-year Cicada moults 

 ofteuer than once a year, and the number of larval stages probably 

 amounts to 25 or 30 in all. The bed-bug sheds its skin five times ; 

 and with the last inoult appear the minute wing-pads characteristic 

 of the adult. In Conorhinus sanguisuga there are " at least two larval 

 stages and pupal stages." (Marlatt.) 



In the dragon-flies moulting occurs, Calvert thinks, many times, 

 since the rudiments of wings are said by Poletaiew to only appear 

 in odonate nymphs after the third or fourth moult. 



In the May-fly, Chloeon, the number of ecdyses is 20. The neu- 

 ropterous Ascalaphus (Helecomitus) insimulans of Ceylon moults 

 three times before pupating. Among the Mecoptera Felt has shown 

 that Panorpa rufeseens moults seven times. 



