THE PUPA 625 



its old clothes previously referred to, until they are dried, and practically occupy 

 no space. It now throws up its stomach and bowel, with all their contents, and 

 without detaching them from its outer skin, which is moulted as before, but in 

 this instance to be pressed against the cell, so as to form for it an interior lining. 

 The dejectamenta of the bowel in this way lie between the cast skin and cell- 

 wall (as seen at e, Fig. 577), and so the larva remains absolutely unsoiled. It 

 now turns its head and resumes its old position, joining its cocoon to the edges 

 of its last cast skin, so that its habitation is relined, it is cleansed, and air can 

 still pass to it through the imperceptible openings left by the bees in the sealing. 



an e 



FIG. 577. Larva and pupa of honey-bee in their cell : SL, spinning larva ; N, pupa ; FL, young 

 feeding larva ;. co, cocoon ; gp, spiracles ; t, tongue ; m, mandible ; an, antenna ; w, wing ; ce, com- 

 pound eye ; e, excrement; ex, exuvium. After Cheshire. 



This point is of radical importance, since breathing is carried on pretty rapidly 

 during the latter part of its subsequent transformations, the absorbed oxygen 

 permitting then of a production of heat, and causing also considerable diminu- 

 tion in weight." 



As to the passage of air into the bee's cocoon, Cheshire states 

 that before the cocoon can be built, a cover, technically called seal- 

 ing, is put over the larva by its nurses. These covers are made of 

 pollen and wax, and are pervious to the air. They are more convex 

 and regular in form than those sealing in the honey. 1 



THE PUPA STATE 



The word pupa is from the Latin meaning baby. Linnseus gave 

 it this name from its resemblance to a baby which has been swathed 

 or bound up, as is still the custom in Southern Europe. The term 

 pupa should be restricted to the resting inactive stage of the 

 holometabolous insects. 



Lamarck's term chrysalis was applied to the complete or obtected pupa of 

 Lepidoptera and of certain Diptera, and mumia, a mummy, to the pupae of 

 Coleoptera, Trichoptera, and most Hymenoptera. Latreille (1830) also restricted 



1 Bees and Bee-keeping, pp. 21, 22. 



2s 



