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TEXT-BOOK OF ENTOMOLOGY 



the term pupa to the "oviform nymph," or puparium, of Diptera. Brauer 

 applies the term nymph to the pupa of metabolous insects. 



The typical pupa is that of a rnoth or butterfly, popularly called a 

 chrysalis. A lepidopterous pupa in which the appendages are more 

 or less folded close to the body and 

 soldered to the integument, was called 

 by Linnaeus a pupa, obtecta; and when 

 the limbs are free, as in Neuroptera, 

 Mecoptera, Trichoptera, and the lepi- 

 dopterous genus Micropteryx it is called 

 a pupa libera (Fig. 579). When the 

 pupa is enclosed in the old larval skin, 

 which forms a pupal covering (p~upa- 

 rium), the pupa was said by Linnaeus 

 to be coarctate. The pupa of certain 

 Diptera, as that of the orthoraphous 

 families, is nearly as much obtected as FIG. MS. pupa obtecta: , <>f s t >- 



,i n ji , -IP -T n sia, with its cocoon-cutter on the head ; 



tnat OI the tineoid families Of moths, b, of Tortrix vacdniivorana. 



especially as regards the appendages 



of the head; the legs being more as in pupce liberce (Fig. 580). 

 The male Coccid anticipates the metabolous insects in passing 

 through a quiescent state, when, as Westwood 

 states, it is "covered by the skin of the larva, or 

 by an additional pellicle." The body appears to 

 be broad and flat, the antennae and fore legs resting 

 under the head, while the two hinder pairs of legs 

 are appressed to the under side of the body. 

 There is but a slight approach to 

 c the pupa libera of a metabolous 



insect. 



Eiley states that the male larva of 

 Iceryapurchasi forms a cocoon waxy in 

 character, but lighter, more flossy, and 

 less adhesive than that of the female 

 egg-cocoon. It melts and disappears 

 when heated, proving its entirely waxy 

 nature. When the mass has readied 

 the proper length, the larva oasis its 

 skin, which remains in the hind end of 

 the cocoon, and pushes itself forward 

 into the middle of the cocoon. The 

 pupa (Fig. 581) is of the same general 



form and size as the larva. All the limb.s are free and slightly movable, so that, 

 they vary in position, though ordinarily the antennae are pressed close to the side. 



FIG. 579. Pupa libera of neuropterous in- 

 sects : a, Corydalui cornutua ; b, Sialis ; c, 

 Hemerobius. 



