350 



CLASSIFICATION OF VERTEBRATES. 



lachrymals to the rostrum, etc. The GALLING (Rasores, Alectoromorphce) 



includes the quail (Coturnix}, partridge (Perdix), grouse (Tetrao, Bonasd}, 



jungle-fowi, including our domestic fowl 

 (Galliis), pheasants (Phasianus^ Thau- 

 malea), turkeys (Me/eagris), peafowl 

 (Pavo}. These have the hallux rudimen- 

 tary and elevated above the other toes 

 and t\vo carotid arteries. The COLUMB^E 

 (Pullastrae) have usually two carotids 

 and the hallux well developed and near 

 the ground. The group is hardly to be 

 distinguished as a family from the Gall- 

 inae. It contains the doves and pigeons 

 (Colnmba, Gcmra, Didiinculus}, as typi- 

 cal members, while the mound-birds 

 {Megapodius}, the curassows (Crax}, and 

 the sand-grouse (Pterocles)* are more 

 aberrant. The dodo (Didiis}, extermi- 

 nated about two centuries ago, was an 

 aberrant pigeon. The humming-birds 



form the family TROCHILID^E, which has relations with the picarian birds. 



The toes, however, are three, directed forwards as in the preceding groups. 



FIG. 342. Wilson's snipe, 

 Gallinago wilsoni, from Tenney, 

 after Wilson. 



FIG. 343. Bird of Paradise (Paradisea apoda\ female, from Hertwig, 

 after Levaillant. 



Other characters are the presence of basipterygoid processes and the 

 existence of a single carotid. In the PICARLE the first and fourth toes 

 are directed backwards, while the palate is of the saurognathous type 



