41 6 CLASSIFICATION OF VERTEBRATES. 



which the tail is frequently prehensile, and the premolars are f . Mycetes in- 

 cludes the howling monkeys ; Pithecia, the sakis ; Ateles, the spider monkeys ; 

 Cebus, the sapajous, species of which frequently accompany the organ- 

 grinder. Homunculus and Anthropops occur in the tertiary of Patagonia. 



The CATARRHINI have the nasal septum narrow, the nostrils directed 

 forwards, and a dentition i f , c \, p f , m f . In the CERCOPITHECID/E (Cy- 

 nopithecidae) the tail is usually long, the molars quadrituberculate, and the 

 ischial region presents callosities. All of the tailed apes of the old world 

 belong to this family. Cynocephalus contains the baboons of Africa, in which 

 the tail is of moderate size, and the maxillary bones swollen. Here also 

 belong the drill and mandrill. The macaques (Macacus), are almost entirely 



FlG. 378. Chimpanzee, Troglodytes niger, after Brehm. 



Asiatic, one species entering Europe at Gibraltar. CercopitJiecus. Semno- 

 pithecus. The SIMIID^E, or ANTHROPOMORPHA, contains apes in which the 

 tail is lacking, the anterior limbs longer than the posterior, and ischial cal- 

 losities lacking, except in Hylobates, which includes the gibbons of Asia, in 

 which the arms are so long that they reach the ground when the animal is in 

 an upright position. Simia includes the orang-utan of Sumatra and Borneo, 

 in which the great toe is small, the arms long, and the ribs, 12 pairs. Gorilla 

 of Africa has 13 pairs of ribs, and prominent superciliary ridges. Troglodytes 

 includes the chimpanzees, of which there are one or two species, in which 

 the ribs are as in gorilla. They come from western Africa. 



The HOMINID/E, or BIMANA, includes man. who is far less remote from 

 the simiidae than these are from the new-world monkeys. The chief charac- 

 ters are the upright position, the lack of opposable toe, the enormous size 

 of the brain, correlated with his mental development, and the distribution of 



