522 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 



acute and falcate. This variety occurs in China, and grows to about 40 feet high in 

 mixed forests in Yunnan, Szechwan, and Hupeh. 



Apparently no varieties have originated in cultivation, but a hybrid has been 

 obtained between this species and the common hazel, viz. : 



Corylus intermedia, Loddiges, Catalogue (1836) {Corylus avellana x Corylus 

 Colurna, Rehder, Mitth. Deuts. Dendrol. Gesell. 1894, P- 43)- This is a tall shrub 

 or small tree with the bark of the common hazel, i.e. darker and less scaly and 

 fissured than that of C. Colurna. The fruit resembles that of the last species, but is 

 shorter and scarcely glandular. Specimens of this are growing in the Botanic 

 Gardens of Jena and Gottingen and in the Forestry Garden at MUnden, but we 

 know of none in England. 



Identification 



In summer the Turkish hazel is readily distinguishable by the scaly bark and 

 the obovate leaves deeply cordate at the base and distichously placed on the branch- 

 lets. In winter (Plate 126, Fig. 6) the following characters are available : Twigs : 

 brittle, shining, brownish-yellow, with few and inconspicuous lenticels and scattered 

 glandular pubescence, usually, however, dense near the base of the shoot, which 

 is ringed with the scars of the previous season's bud -scales, one or two of the 

 lowermost scales often persisting dry and darkened in colour ; second year's shoot 

 with corky bark, which fissures and exfoliates slightly. True terminal bud absent, 

 a small oval scar at the apex of the twig, on the side opposite to the highest 

 leaf- scar, indicating where the tip of the shoot fell off in summer. Leaf- scars 

 semicircular with three to six bundle-dots,' somewhat obliquely set on prominent 

 pulvini. Stipule-scars small, transverse, lunate, one on each side of the leaf-scar. 

 Buds pretty uniform in size, alternate and distichous on the twig, from which they 

 arise at a wide angle, ovoid, rounded at the apex ; scales about ten, imbricated, 

 pubescent, ciliate in margin. Pith small, circular. Male catkins present in winter 

 on flower-bearing trees. 



Distribution 



The Turkish hazel has a wide distribution, extending from south-eastern 

 Europe, through Asia Minor and the Caucasus, to the Himalayas and Western 

 China. In Europe it is found growing wild in Banat, Slavonia, Herzegovina, 

 Bosnia, Servia, Roumania, and Greece." In Banat, according to Willkomm, it 

 sometimes forms pure woods in the mountains ; and in Northern Albania it ascends 

 as a bush to 3000 feet altitude.^ It occurs in Asia Minor in Bithynia, Paphlagonia, 

 and Anatolia. According to Radde,^ it grows in small groups on the south side 

 of the main chain of the Caucasus and in many localities in Georgia, at 3500 

 to 5000 feet elevation, where it is a stately tree 50 to 70 feet in height, and with a 



' The cicatrices left by the leaf-bundles on the leaf-scar are very irregular in number and shape, being circular dots or 

 curved lines. 



* In Thessaly and Acamania, according to Halacsy, Consp. Fl. Graca, iii. 135 (1904). 



' Beck, Veg. lllyrischm Lander, 300(1901). * Pflanzenverb. Kaukasusland. 1S7 (1899). 



