3o8 SCLEROPHYLLOUS FORMATIONS sect, xiv 



and tuberous plants belonging to the Iridaceae, Liliaceae, and to Oxalis ; 

 and associated with them are species of Pelargonium, Crassulaceae, and 

 others.* This vegetation represents a transition from the low dwarf-shrub 

 heath of the north to xerophytic bushland of the tropics. 



Maqui in Chile. 



In Chile there is espinal or ' espinar-forest ', in which an important 

 part is played by the rhamnaceous Colletia, whose evergreen, opposite 

 branches are converted into spines ; nor are Cactaceae and Bromeliaceae 

 lacking. Meigen ^ describes dry bushland occurring near Santiago as 

 being composed of evergreen, small-leaved shrubs, among which Quillaja 

 Saponaria is the commonest. Here and there a tree rises above the 

 shrubs. Climbing plants are frequent, as are bulbous and tuberous 

 plants belonging to the Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Iridaceae, and Oxali- 

 daceae. While, thanks to the difference in their appearance, Cereus guisco 

 and the bromeliaceous Puya chilensis attract notice.^ 



Maqui in other Countries. 



In California maqui is known under the name of chaparral.^ Maqui is 

 also very widespread in West and South Australia.^ 



CHAPTER LXXXV. SCLEROPHYLLOUS FOREST 



Most of the trees whose home lies in regions where the rain falls in 

 winter are capable of assuming the form of shrubs. In depressions of the 

 land, where water remains for a longer time, the shrubs become taller, 

 and in such spots maqui often gives way to forest. In specially favoured 

 spots for instance, in deep gullies, rainy mountain declivities, and such 

 like one finds true forest, in which there occur not only trees belonging 

 to maquis, but also some trees characteristic of forest ; and together 

 with them live ground-plants adapted to grow in shade. 



Mediterranean Oak-forest. 



In Mediterranean countries one finds low forest of evergreen species, 

 consisting, for example, of oaks and of Quercus Ilex in particular. This 

 species has lanceolate, spinose, tomentose leaves, and is a true xerophyte 

 growing in dry, stony soil, or even in rock. Associated with it are numbers 

 of arboreous, fruticose, and suffruticose plants, and perennial herbs, all 

 of which are xerophytic in structure, and some of which may reappear 

 in the sunny garigues or maquis. Among these is Quercus coccifera, 

 a low shrubby oak, which by means of its root-suckers seizes upon 

 wide stretches of garigue, and gives rise to low, useless bushland : others 

 worthy of mention are Juniperus Oxycedrus, species of Cistus, Arbutus 

 Unedo, Viburnum Tinus, Paliurus australis, and Ilex Aquifolium. One 

 also encounters small lianes, such as Lonicera implexa, Smilax aspera, 

 and Rosa sempervirens. 



* L. S. Gibbs, iqo6. ^ Meigen, 1893. ^ See also Reiche, 1907. 



. * See p. 280. ' Diels, 1906. 



