414 



INDEX 



Kochia hirsiita 226. 



Koeleria cristata, in steppe-flora 



283. 

 Koenigia islandica 251. 

 Krakatao, colonization of lava- 



tields 352. 



L. 



Labiatae, aromatic, in maqui 

 306, in Mediterranean flora 306. 



Lactarius deliciostts, occurrence 

 in coniferous forest 90. 



Lacustral dunes, of Switzerland 

 269. 



Laguncularia, respiratory roots 

 236. 



Xiake Michigan, sand-dunes on 

 shores 270. 



Lakes, fresh-water, zonal distri- 

 bution on shores 226. 



Lalang-vegetation 298. 



Land-plants, adaptations 100 ; 

 growth-forms 127; structural 

 characters 127. 



Landes, les, as Erica-maquis 307 . 



Landslips, colonization of new 

 soil 352. 



Lantana 301. 



Lapland, lichen-heath 209 ; 

 mesophytic bushland 328 ; 

 moss-heath 207 ; subalpine 

 bushland 216. 



Lappa, in South American grass- 

 steppe 287. 



Larch-forest 316, 



Larch-moor 315. 



Larix decidua ,in larch- forest 316. 



Z. Sibirica, in Siberia 316; in 

 taiga 315. 



Latex, 1 unction 125. 



Lathyriis mariiivnu 263, 264. 



Laticiferous plants 1 25. 



Laixraceae, in tropical rain- 

 forest 346. 



Laurineous forest, in Canary 

 Isles 309. 



Laurus canariensis 309 ; in 

 maqui 307. 



L. nobilis 309. 



Lava, of Etna, absence of vege- 

 tation 241 ; Pterocattlon vesuvi- 

 anum upon 241. 



Lava-fields, colonization 352, 



353- 



Lavandula Spica, in Mediter- 

 ranean flora 304. 



Lavandvila-tomillares 305. 



Leaf, bilateral, as xeromorphic 

 adaptation 194 ; closure of 194 ; 

 colour, seasonal change in 330, 

 337 ; cricoid, as xeromorphic 

 adaptation 194; filiform, as 

 xeromorphic adaptation 194; 

 floating, characters 181 ; lie, in 

 control of transpiration 113; 

 movements, in control of trans- 

 piration 112; photometric 



movements 19; profile-lie, as 

 xeromorphic adaptation 194 ; 

 submerged, characters 182 ; in 

 sunlight and shade, histology 

 19 ; terete, as xeromorphic 

 adaptation 194; velvety, signi- 

 ficance 117; xerophytic forms 

 110. See also Aphyllous. 



Leaf-adaptations, in tropical 

 rain-forest 345, 346. 



Leaf-shape, dependence on me- 

 dium 181 ; in water-plants 99, 



Leaf-structure, of alpine plants 

 254; isolateral, in halophytes 

 221. 



Leaves, arrangement, in relation 

 to light 19 ; coriaceous, of halo- 

 phytes 220 ; erect 113 ; furrow- 

 ed, of dune-grasses 267 ; in- 

 vesting, in control of transpira- 

 tion 115; roUed-up, in control 

 of transpiration 109; ofsclero- 

 phyllons plants, types 303 ; 

 shedding, as protection against 

 dry seasons 35. See also 

 Foliage. 



Lecanora 241. 



L. tartarea, in Lapland 209. 



Lecanora-associations 242. 



Lecidea 241. 



Ledum palusire, growing on wet 

 and dry soils 194. 



Leguminosae, expelled by nitro- 

 genous manures 68 ; favoured 

 by potassic salts 68 ; in prairie- 

 flora 285; root-tubercles 80, 

 87 ; in tropical rain-forest 346. 



Lepidophyllum - association, 

 in Argentine Andes 232. 



Lianes 90 ; abundant in tropical 

 rain-forest 341 ; adaptations to 

 climbing habit 91 ; in Japanese 

 forest 336. 



Lianoid growth-forms 6. 



Lichen associations 242 ; com- 

 petition among 242. 



Lichen-heath 208 ; composition 

 208. 



Lichen-tundra 208 ; composi- 

 tion 208 ; formation 196. 



Lichenoid growth-forms 6. 



Lichens, abundant in subglacial 

 fell-field 256 ; in alpine mat- 

 vegetation 321 ; in arctic fell- 

 field 257 ; crnstaceous 209 ; 

 fruticose 208 ; growing on rocks 

 241 ; helotism 85 ; in pinetum 

 312 ; on shore rocks 224. 



Light, day-, in Polar regions 

 249 ; chemical action on chloro- 

 phyll 16 ; direct, effect 17 ; heat- 

 ing action 16; influence, on ana- 

 tomy 21, on coloration 20, on 

 development 17, on distribution 

 16, ongrowth movements 16, on 

 hair production 20, on lignifica- 

 tion 20, on sea-flora 171, on 



shape 1 7 ; intense, decomposes 

 chlorophyll 19, protection 

 against 19, retards growth 18; 

 as oecological factor 16; pro- 

 motes transpiration 16 ; sensi- 

 tiveness of chlorophyll to 20 ; 

 in water, significance 1 50. 



Light-plants 17. 



Lignification, in halophytes 

 221 ; influenced by light 20; in 

 relation to environment 127 ; in 

 xerophytes 127. 



Liliaceae, arborescent, tuft- 

 trees 10 ; in South African 

 deserts 276. 



Lime, influence on vegetation 

 58 ; soil, characters 60. 



Lime-flora, characteristics ^7, 

 58. 



Limnaea-formation 154, 155; 

 adaptations 179; associations 

 and distribution 183 ; flora 179. 



Limno-nereid communities, 

 composition 169. 



Limnophilous nereid-forma- 

 tion iss- 



Limno-plankton 160, 161. 



Lmnaea 312. 



L. borealis 10. 



Ling, see Calluna vtdgaris. 



Littoral, meadow, higher, com- 

 position 231 ; in Denmark 322 ; 

 plants, exhibiting espalier- 

 shape 26; swamp-forest 223. 

 composition 234. 



Littorella, as limnaea rosette- 

 form 184. 



Lithophilous benthos, adapta- 

 tions and flora 167 ; formations 

 169. 



Lithophilous, halophytes 223, 

 composition 224; hydrophytes 



154, ^ii- 

 Lithophytes 136, 239, 240; 



adaptations 241 ; associations 



242 ; and epiphytes, relations 



242. 

 Llanos, of Venezuela, vegetation 



297. 

 Lobelia, as limnaea rosette-form 



184. 

 Loess, production, influence of 



grass-steppe 282. 

 Loiseleuria 209, 213. 

 Z. proawibcns 257. 

 Loiseleuria - association, in 



Finland 214. 

 Lolium perenne, in South 



American grass-steppe 287. 

 Loma, Peruvian, vegetation 288. 

 Lotus corniculatus 219. 

 Low dunes, production 264. 

 Lov7-moor, adaptations 198 ; 



associations 197; distribution 



199 ; flora 197 ; formation 196 ; 



and high moor, distinctions 



between 203. 



