3 o 4 FAMILY CERAMBYCIDAE 



nine months. The pupal stage is usually from six to eight weeks. The 

 beetle probably lives in the mature state a couple of weeks or there- 

 abouts. It may spend several months resting in the pupal chamber 

 to allow the chitinous parts to harden (in the case of the autumn-pupating 

 larvae), or it may spend a few weeks (up to a month at the most, probably) 

 in this condition. 



The life history is very similar when the insect infests Terminalia 

 tomentosa in the United Provinces and Oudh forests, and probably is more 

 or less similar in the Hardwickia binata in Oudh and the Central Provinces. 

 Mr. D. O. Witt, I.F.S., reported it as infesting this latter tree in the 

 Central Provinces, finding specimens of both beetle and grub in January 

 1909. PI. xix shows a section of a log of this tree riddled by the 

 insect. 



The beetle also infests the mango ; specimens of the insect were bred 

 out at Dehra Dun in the breeding cage from a log of mango, forwarded 

 from Chicacole, Ganjam (see p. 370), in December 1908. The beetles issued 

 between 17 March and 7 April 1909. 



Specimens of a longicorn identified as this species were forwarded to 

 the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from the Deputy Commissioner of Dehra 

 Ismail Khan. He procured them from Tamarix articulata, Acacia arabica, 

 and the?"sarin" trees in November 1892. The Deputy Commissioner 

 stated that .the trees were usually attacked in the lower part of the trunk, 

 but that branches were also infested on occasions. Trees growing in dry 

 places appeared to be usually attacked. 







The result of this insect's attacks in sal will be known to every Forest 

 Officer in the United Provinces and Oudh. Evidences 

 of the tunnelling work of the larvae and their pupating- 

 chambers covered over with the curious white calcareous 

 covering are plentiful in freshly cut sal logs and tors, etc., in almost every 

 sal forest in the province, although more plentiful in some than in others. 

 The damage this pest does to the timber therefore is obvious and needs no 

 insistence on here. It is unfortunately certain, however, that the insect is 

 equally a pest to the green tree, as once the latter has from any cause fallen 

 into a sickly condition, from which it might have otherwise recovered, the 

 beetles lay their eggs in it and the larvae proceed to remove the cambium 

 layer. In the large old trees already mentioned as having been infested by 

 this insect in the Mandal Range (Garhwal), the whole of the upper two- thirds 

 of the bast layer of the tree had been removed by the grubs, the inner face 

 of the bark and outer sapwood consisting of a mass of large irregularly 

 winding galleries going either up or down the tree or across it. Large holes 

 appearing here and there in the sapwood showed where the grubs had bored 

 down into the heart-wood. Again, the heart-wood is seriously destroyed by 

 the pupating operations of the grubs, the large elliptical pupating- chambers 

 being at times very numerous (cf. fig. 210). 



