308 FAMILY CERAMBYCIDAE 



the spiracles, situated on each side of the second and fourth to eleventh segments, are narrow, 

 somewhat elongate, and brown in colour ; a pair of minute legs are present on the under-side 

 of each of the thoracic segments. Figs. 3, 4, and 5 show a young grub, a grub a third 

 grown, and a full-sized larva. 



Pupa. The grub changes into a white or whitish-yellow object bearing some resemblance 

 to the future beetle. It is, however, broader and quite soft. The legs, wings, and antennae 

 of the future beetle can be seen pressed against the body ; as they grow longer, the 

 wings are seen to be curved round so as to lie on the breast of the pupa ; the legs are 

 pressed tightly against the lower surface, and the antennae are pressed close to the sides. 

 Gradually, as these parts reach their full development, the beetle is seen to have acquired its 

 adult form. Size of a female pupa, 31 mm. to 43 mm. in length by 9 mm. to 15.5 mm. across body. 

 Figs. 6 and 7 show a ventral and side view of the pupa. 



The beetle appears on the wing in Baluchistan towards the end 



of the first week in May, and is found in greatest 



Life History. abundance till the end of the month ; fewer issue 



in June, and by the middle of the month the 



mature insect disappears. 



The Egg Stage. The eggs are laid in small clumps of from five to eight 

 or ten together at wounds such as are left at spots where branches have 

 been lopped or at other places on the bark from which the sap is oozing. 

 The beetle evidently seeks for such spots to save herself trouble, since 

 if they are not available she has to pierce through the bark to reach the 

 cambium before the eggs can be laid. This is necessary, as the young 

 larvae require the sappy bast to feed upon as soon as they leave the egg. 

 The number of eggs laid by the beetle appears to be about fifty, this 

 number having been taken from the bodies of females on several occasions. 

 Scattered eggs have been found in the sappy bark, but the eggs are usually 

 laid in clumps. The period passed in the egg stage is short, probably at 

 most from five to ten days, as young larvae half an inch in length and as 

 much as a week or ten days old were found in the trees at the end of the 

 month. The period would, however, vary \\ith the temperature the 

 greater the latter, the shorter the time passed as an egg. 



The Life History of the Larva. The young larva on hatching out feeds 

 in the soft sappy bark until its mouth parts are strong enough for it to 

 attack harder substances, when it goes deeper down until it reaches the 

 sapwood and commences boring out a winding gallery which grooves 

 both this and the bast. The sapwood is grooved deeper and deeper 

 as the grub grows older. The gallery eaten out is a broad irregular 

 winding one and is packed with triturated materials ejected by the 

 grub after having been passed through the body ; the gallery is very 

 broad, as much as twice to two and a half times the breadth of the 

 grub making it, and the grub can turn round in the free space at the 

 end in which it is lying. It is evidently a voracious feeder. Several 

 galleries in the sapwood measured were as much as 9 in. to 16 in. in 

 length excluding curves, and 4 in. in breadth. The grub spends all 

 the summer and autumn making this gallery. As soon as the winter sets. 



