HIGHER GROUPS. 189 



sealers (i. e., the "Fiir Seals'- of commerce), but also the two 

 Sea Lions (commonly so called) of the northern hemisphere, 

 and all the Eared Hair Seals of the South, except Oiaria jvhata. 

 This classification, with scarcely any modification, he followed 

 also in his papers treating of this group in 1871;* l)ut in 1872 1 

 he proposed a new arrangement of the " Sea Bears." The sub- 

 division of this group into "tribes" is not here clearly indi- 

 cated, iilthough he arranges the genera in four unnamed sec- 

 tions. In 1873 1 he proposed another arrangement of the "Sea 

 Bears," in which they were i)laced in two primary divisions, in 



accordance with whether the number of molars is^? or ^. His 



later modifications were more formally presented in his last gen- 

 eral account of the group published in 1874, in which the clas- 

 sification then presented differed very much from that adopted 

 by him in 1868 and 1871. Although a new "tribe" ("Tribe 2, 

 GypHopliocina'''') was instituted, his former "tribes," CullorJii- 

 nina^ Arciocepltalma ^ and Eiimetoj)iina^ were united into one, 

 under the name Arctoceplialina, thus reducing the whole num- 

 ber of "tribes" to four, as follows: 1. Otariina; 2. Gypsoplio- 

 ciiia; 3. ArctocephaUna ; 4. Zalophina. As before, he recognized 

 two primary "sections," by means of which Otaria is opposed 

 to all the other genera as a group co-ordinate in rank with all 

 the rest. Also the "sections," or primary divisions, are still 

 based on the x)osterior prolongation of the bony palate, and the 

 "tribes," or secondary divisions, on the number of the molars 

 and the position of the hinder pair relative to the "front edge 

 of the zygomatic arch." It is needless to add that a more purely 

 artificial and valueless basis could scarcely be devised. In his 

 later schemes, Eiimetopias is placed under the division charac- 

 terized as having the molars -^, on the wholly theoretical 

 ground that "the fifth uj^per molar on each side [is] wanting," 

 leaving "the sixth separated from the fourth by a wide space." 

 On similar groimds his PJiocarctos elongatus, based, as I shall 

 later give reasons for believing, in part on an adult female 

 Eumetopias steUeri and in jjart on the young of the Jai)an species 

 of Zaloplms, is considered as lacking the "fifth grinder" when 

 adult, though possessing it when young. As late as 1873, Eu- 

 metopias is placed in a group explicitly characterized as having 



*Suppl. Cat. Seals and Whales, 1871, p. 11, 

 tProc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1872, p. G55. 

 tProc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1873, p. 779. 

 Haud-List of Seals. 



