The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 



FAGUS SYLVATICA, Common Beech 

 Fagus syivatica, Linnaeus, i^. PI. 998 (1753). Loudon, Arb. tt Frut. Brit. iii. 1950 (1838). 



A large tree, commonly 100 feet high (attaining 130 to 140 feet under very 

 favourable conditions), with a girth of 20 feet or more. Bark ' usually grey 

 and smooth, but often in old trees becoming fissured and scaly, especially near 

 the base. Branchlets of two kinds ; the short shoots ringed and bearing only a 

 terminal bud in winter and one, two, or three leaves in summer ; the long 

 shoots slender, glabrous, with many leaves in two lateral rows (in winter the 

 buds are seen arising from the upper side of the twig, the leaf-scars being on the 

 lower side). 



Leaves : deciduous, alternate, two -ranked, varying in size with altitude and 

 vigour, those of trees at high elevations being much smaller ; generally oval, 

 somewhat acuminate at the apex, slightly unequal at the base, undulate or toothed 

 in margin, with 6-10 pairs of lateral nerves, which with the midrib are raised 

 on the under surface of the leaf, and are more or less pubescent. 



Flowers : arising in the axils of the leaves of the young shoots ; the male 

 heads by long pendulous stalks, the female involucres by short erect stalks above 

 the male flowers on the same branchlet or on separate branchlets. The true 

 fruits are usually two together enclosed in a woody involucre, which is beset by 

 prickles. Each fruit contains a seed, triangular in shape like the fruit containing 

 it. The seed hangs from the top of the cell and has no albumen. 



Seedling : the seedling of the beech "^ has a long primary root and a stout radicle, 

 1-2 inches long, bearing 2 large sessile oval cotyledons, which are dark green above 

 and whitish beneath. The first true leaves of the beech are opposite, ovate, obtuse, 

 and crenate, borne on the stem an inch or so above the cotyledons. Above this pair 

 other leaves are borne alternately, and the first season's growth terminates in a long 

 pointed bud with brown imbricated scales. 



The common beech is distinguishable at all seasons by its bark, which is only 

 simulated by the hornbeam ; but in the latter tree the stem is usually more or less 

 fluted. In winter the pointed buds, arranged distichously on the long shoots and 

 composed of many imbricated scales, are characteristic ; while in length they exceed 



There is much difference in the colour and roughness of the bark, which varies with age, soil, situation, and exposure. 

 On the dry, sandy soil of Kew Gardens this bark of the beech is so different from that seen on calcareous soils that it might 

 almost be mistaken for a hornbeam, and Elwes has observed the same in the Botanic Gardens at Edinbui^h, where the trees 

 are exposed to the salt east wind. These variations are not, however, entirely caused by local conditions, but are sometimes 

 found in trees standing close together. Professor Balfour pointed out to Elwes two beeches in the Edinburgh garden of 

 which one has the bark rough and scaly, and regularly comes into leaf fifteen to twenty days before another tree similar 

 in size which grows next to it, whose bark is smooth and silvery. Whether these variations are correlated with any 

 differences in the wood does not seem to have been proved in England ; but it is evident that for cold and exposed situations 

 it would be advantageous to sow only the seed of the late leafing and flowering trees. 



2 The beech seedling has its cotyledons green and above ground ; those of the oak and chestnut remain in the soil. In 

 the hornbeam, hazel, and alder, the cotyledons are aerial, but the first pair of true leaves above them are alternate. 



