Fagus 



1 1 



in the neighbourhood of Nancy. Fruits of this form have been sown in the garden of 

 the Forest School of Nancy, and have reproduced the twisted form in about the pro- 

 portion of three-fifths; the other two-fifths of the fruit produced form like the 

 common beech and intermediate varieties.^ 



Many other varieties have been described ; and other forms possibly occur wild 

 which have not been noticed. Major M'Nair sent to Kew in 1872 from Brookwood, 

 Knaphill, Surrey, a specimen from a tree growing there, and reported to be in 

 vigorous health, in which the leaves are remarkably small and have only four pairs 

 of lateral nerves. (A. H.) 



Distribution 



The beech is indigenous to England. Remains of it have been found in 

 neolithic deposits at Southampton docks, Crossness in Essex, in Fenland, in pre- 

 glacial deposits in the Cromer forest bed, and at Happisburgh, Norfolk.^ Names 

 of places of Saxon origin, in which the word beech occurs are very common, 

 as Buckingham, Buxton, Boxstead, Boxford, Bickleigh, Boking, etc. The exist- 

 ence of the beech in Britain in ancient times has been questioned on account of 

 the statement by Julius Caesar^ that Fagus did not occur in England. H. J. Long* 

 has discussed what tree the Romans meant by Fagus, and the evidence is conflicting. 

 Pliny ^ described as Fagus a tree which is plainly the common beech. However, 

 Virgil's* statement that Castanea by grafting would produce yizfoj indicates rather 

 that Fagus was a name used for the sweet chestnut ; and this view is confirmed by 

 the fact that out of the wood of Fagus the Romans made vine-props and wine-casks. 

 The Latin word Fagus is derived immediately from the Greek ^9^70? ; and the 

 ^1770? of Theophrastus is certainly the chestnut, probably the wild tree which is 

 indigenous to the mountains of Greece. Caesar's statement probably implies that in 

 his day the sweet chestnut did not occur in Britain. 



The beech is not believed to be indigenous in Scotland and Ireland,^ and no 

 evidence is forthcoming of its occurrence in prehistoric deposits in those countries. 

 An able writer in Woods and Forests (1884, June 1 1, p. 404) contests this view, and 

 speaks of the existence of two beech woods in the north of Scotland, not 10 miles 

 from the most easterly point of Britain, where the trees were larger than any other 

 timber tree, not excepting the Scotch fir, and where it produced fertile seed, while 

 that of the oak was abortive. These woods were high and exposed, but the 

 soil was good. In view of the way in which the beech ascends in the Vosges and 

 the Jura to cold, bleak situations, finally becoming at 4000 feet a dwarf shrub, which 



' The parasol beech, or a form closely like it, has been found in Ireland, according to a correspondent of Woods and 

 Forests, Jan. 1885, who writes as follows :" Near to Parkanour, in Tyrone, the residence of Mr. J. Burgess, stand two 

 beeches, which at a short distance resemble heaps of leaves more than trees. They were found in the woods sixty years since, 

 and are from 6 feet to 8 feet in height and 15 feet diameter, and of dense drooping habit. Upon creeping inside, I found 

 them to branch off at 2 feet or 3 feet from the ground, where one was nearly 5 feet in circumference. The arms and branches 

 are not unlike corkscrews. The inferior branches and malted rubbish, if cleared out, would greatly improve their appearance, 

 as the singular growth would then be visible. They might, if sent out, become a valuable adjunct to the upright yew, which 

 flourishes in Ireland, the finest of which I have yet seen being 24 feet high and 12 feet through, and well filled in the 

 centre. C. I." 



' C. Reid, Origin of British Flora, 28, 69, 146. ' B. G. v. 12. 



Loudon, Card. Mag. 1839, p. 9. ' N. H. xvi. 7. " Georg. ii. 71. 



' The name in Irish is crann sleamhain, the "slippery tree," so-called from the smoothness of the bark. 



